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Home Explore Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

Published by THE MANTHAN SCHOOL, 2021-06-16 07:38:55

Description: Bhagat Singhs writings in Hindi ( PDFDrive )

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[k.M nks 'kghnvs kte+ dh tys ukVs cdq



Hkfw edk 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd dks fgUnh ikBdksa ds gkFkksa esa nsrs gq, gesa fefJr vuqHkwfr gks jgh gSA bfrgkl dh bl vueksy èkjksgj dks vki rd igq¡pkdj ge xkSjokfUor vuqHko dj jgs gSa] ij lkFk gh blesa gqbZ nsjh dh dpksV Hkh gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds bl nyq HZ k nLrkots + dk egÙo fliQ+ Z bldh ,fs rgkfldrk esa gh ugha gSA Hkxr¯lg ds v/wjs lius dks iwjk djus okyh Hkkjrh; ØkfUr vkt ,d ,sls iM+ko ij gS tgk¡ ls u;s] çp.M osx ls vkxs c<+us ds fy, blds flikfg;ksa dks ^bUo+Qykc dh ryokj dks fopkjksa dh lku ij* u;h èkkj nsuh gSA ;g uksVcqd mu lcds fy, fopkjksa dh jks'kuh ls nedrk ,d çsj.kkiaqt gS tks bl fojklr dks vkxs c<+kus dk tT+ck j[krs gSaA vkt tc Hkkjrh; ØkfUr lkeus mifLFkr lokyksa&pqukSfr;ksa ls tw> jgh gS] ;qok ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh u;h ih<+h ds dU/ksa ij jkLrk fudkyus vkSj ml ij c<+us dk dk;ZHkkj gS rFkk ,d u;s loZgkjk uotkxj.k vkSj çcks/u dk dke bfrgkl ds ,ts.Ms ij gS] rks bl uksVcqd dks i<+rs gq, gekjh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ckj&ckj ml ukStoku dh Nfo mHkjrh gS tks iQk¡lh ds iQUns ds lk;s esa cSBdj Hkkjrh; bUo+Qykc ds jkLrs dh lgh le> gkfly djus vkSj mls yksxksa rd igq¡pkus ds fy, vkf[k+jh iy rd vè;;u&euu vkSj ys[ku esa tqVk jgkA tys eas Hkxr¯lg us pkj iLq rdas fy[kh FkhAa gks ldrk gS ;s ukVs ~l bu iLq rdkas dh r;S kjh esa fy;s x;s gksaA pkjksa ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ vkt u\"V gks pqdh gaAS ysfdu vkt Hkh muds ckjs esa u rks dksbZ çkekf.kd tkudkjh miyC/ gS vkSj u gh fdlh us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds bl v¡/sjs i{k ij 'kks/ djus dh t+:jr le>h gSA UkkVs cdq ds egku ,fs rgkfld egÙo vkjS vkt bldh fo'k\"s k çklfa xdrk dks js[kkafdr djus ds fy, geus vkyksd jatu vkSj ,y- oh- fe=kksf[ku ds nks ys[k Hkh 'kkfey fd;s gSaA ge pkgsaxs fd vki uksVcqd ls igys bu ys[kksa dks vo'; i<+saA uksVcqd dks lgh ifjçs{; vkSj i`\"BHkwfe esa le>us esa bu ys[kksa ls dki+Qh enn feysxhA Hkkjr ds ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ds oSpkfjd fodkl ij geus Hkxr¯lg ds lkFkh f'kooekZ dk foLr`r ys[k Hkh 'kkfey fd;k gSA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 547

uksVcqd dh çLrqfr ds ckjs esa dqN ckrsa gekjh bPNk Fkh fd tgk¡ rd lEHko gks gLrfyf[kr uksVcqd dh ewy 'kDy cuh jgs] Hkxr¯lg us ftl rjho+Qs ls uksV~l fy;s gSa mUgsa yxHkx mlh <ax ls çLrqr fd;k tk;sA ysfdu fdrkc dh 'kDy esa çLrqr djus ds fy, dqN cnyko djus iM+s gSaA iwjh uksVcqd Hkxr¯lg ds NksVs v{kjksa okyh fy[kkoV esa fy[kh x;h gSA T+;knkrj uksV~l ds Hkxr¯lg us NksVs ij lVhd vkSj lkjxfHkZr 'kh\"kZd fn;s gSaA vusd 'kh\"kZd gkf'k;s ij Hkh fn;s x;s gSaA dgha&dgha dqN egÙoiw.kZ okD;ksa ;k okD;ka'kksa dks Hkh gkf'k;s esa fy[kk x;k gSA μ geus lHkh 'kh\"kZdksa rFkk gkf'k;s ij vafdr okD;ksa dks VsDLV ds lkFk gh j[kk gS ij Hkxr¯lg }kjk fn;s x;s egÙo ds vuqlkj mUgsa NksVs ;k cM+s v{kjksa esa fn;k x;k gSA μ Hkxr¯lg }kjk js[kkafdr fd;s x;s fgLlksa dks eksVs v{kjksa esa fn;k x;k gAS μ Hkxr¯lg us dbZ txgksa ij dqN fgLlksa ij vfrfjDr cy nsus ds fy, ck;ha vksj [kM+h ydhj [khaph gSA bls iqLrd esa ,sls gh fn[kk;k x;k gSA uksVcqd esa vk;s vf/dka'k lUnHkk±s dh tkudkjh geus ikBdksa dks nsus dh dksf'k'k dh gS] fiQj Hkh dqN lUnHkZ vKkr jg x;s gSaA ikBdksa ls vuqjks/ gS fd ;fn mUgsa bl ckjs esa tkudkjh gks rks gesa crk;asA bl lEcUèk esa gesa Jh HkwisUnz gwtk ds lEiknu esa ^bf.M;u cqd ØkWfudy* }kjk loZçFke vaxzst+h esa çdkf'kr A Martyr's Notebook ls dki+Qh enn feyh ftlds fy, ge mudk vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA lR;e ubZ fnYyh 548 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

çLrkouk Hkxr¯lg dh tys ukVs cdq tks 'kgknr ds frjlB o\"kk±s ckn Ni ldh vkyksd jatu :lh fo}ku ,y-oh- fe=kksf[ku os igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus 1981 esa çdkf'kr viuh iLq rd 'Lenin and India' eas igyh ckj] ,d vyx vè;k; e]as Hkxr¯lg dh nqyZHk tsy uksVcqd ls foLr`r gokys nsrs gq, muds }kjk vfUre fnuksa esa fd;s x;s ØkfUrdkjh vkSj ekDlZoknh lkfgR; ds xgu vè;;u ij çdk'k Mkyk Fkk vkSj mu ;kstd&lw=kksa dks la;ksftr djus dh dksf'k'k dh Fkh] tks Hkxr¯lg ds fpUru ds la?kVd vo;o FksA Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us 1928 esa ^fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk ds le; gh lektokn dks y{; vkSj fl¼kUr ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k Fkk] ij dekscs'k 1929 ds eè; rd lektokn vkjS ekDloZ kn ds çfr mudk yxko HkkokRed gh Fkk] cqf¼laxr ughaA Hkxr¯lg ds lg;ksxh ØkfUrdkjh f'kooekZ lfgr vusd bfrgkldkjksa us bl ckr dk mYys[k fd;k gS fd 1929 esa fxjÝ+rkjh ds ckn ,p-,l-vkj-,- ds ;qok ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ,d èkM+s us] vkSj fo'ks\"kdj Hkxr¯lg us tsy esa cM+h eqf'dyksa ls tqVkdj] ØkfUrdkjh lkfgR; vkSj ekDlZokn dk xgu vè;;u vkSj ml ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA blds ifj.kkeLo:i os vjktdrkoknh vkSj eè;oxhZ; nqLlkglokn dks NksM+dj rst+h ls loZgkjk ØkfUr ds ekDlZoknh fl¼kUrksa dks viukus dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+sA oS;fDrd 'kkS;Z ,oa cfynku ls turk dks txkus vkSj vkradoknh j.kuhfr }kjk mifuos'kokn ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ dk jkLrk NksM+dj mUgksaus vius vrhr dh vkykspuk o lekgkj fd;k rFkk bl ckr ij cy fn;k fd ØkfUr dh e[q ; 'kfDr etn+ jw vkjS fdlku g]aS lkekz T;okn dks dos y logZ kjk 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 549

ØkfUr }kjk gh f'kdLr nh tk ldrh gS] eq[;r% is'ksoj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ij vkèkkfjr loZgkjk oxZ dh ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ ds ekxZn'kZu esa O;kid esgurd'k turk o eè;oxZ ds tulaxBu [kM+k djds tukUnksyu dk ekxZ viuk;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj ;g fd] blds ckn gh l'kL=k ØkfUr }kjk lÙkk iyVdj loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA ,p-,l-vkj-,- ds fl¼kUrdkjksa esa Hkxr¯lg loksZifj Fks vkSj mudh iwjh fopkj&;k=kk dks 1929 ls ekpZ 1931 rd (;kuh iQk¡lh p<+us rd) ds muds nLrkost+ksa] ys[kksa] i=kksa vkSj oDrO;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkxr¯lg ds loksZUur fopkj i+Qjojh 1931 ds nks Hkkx ds ml elfonk nLrkost+ esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tks ^ØkfUrdkjh dk;ZØe dk elfonk* uke ls ^Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds nLrkost+* (la- μ txeksgu ¯lg] peuyky] jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh) esa ladfyr gSA Hkxr¯lg dh tsy uksVcqd feyus ds ckn Hkxr¯lg ds fpUrd O;fDrRo dh O;kidrk vkSj xgjkbZ ij vkSj vfèkd Li\"V jks'kuh iM+h gS] mudh fodkl dh çfØ;k le>us esa enn feyh gS vkSj ;g lPpkbZ vkSj vfèkd iq\"V gqbZ gS fd Hkxr¯lg us vius vfUre fnuksa esa] lqO;ofLFkr ,oa xgu vè;;u ds ckn cqf¼laxr <ax ls ekDlZokn dks viuk ekxZn'kZd fl¼kUr cuk;k FkkA ,dckjxh rks ;g ckr vfo'oluh;&lh yxrh gS fd ØkfUrdkjh thou vkSj tsy dh chgM+ dfBukb;ksa esa Hkxr¯lg us fczfV'k lsaljf'ki dh reke fnD+o+Qrksa ds ckotwn iqLrdsa tqVkdj bruk xgu vkSj O;kid vè;;u dj MkykA egt 23 o\"kZ dh NksVh&lh mez esa fpUru dk tks èkjkry mUgksaus gkfly dj fy;k Fkk] og muds ;qxæ\"Vk ;qxiq#\"k gksus dk gh çek.k FkkA ,sls egku fpUrd gh bfrgkl dh fn'kk cnyus vkjS xfr rts + djus dk ekík j[krs gAaS Hkxr¯lg dh 'kgknr Hkkjrh; turk dks vkt Hkh f{kfrt ij vuojr tyrh e'kky dh rjg çsj.kk nsrh gS] ij ;g Hkh lp gS fd mudh iQk¡lh us bfrgkl dh fn'kk cny nhA ;g lkspuk x+yr ugha gS fd Hkxr¯lg dks 23 o\"kZ dh vYik;q esa ;fn iQk¡lh ugha gqbZ gksrh rks jk\"Vªh; eqfDr la?k\"kZ dk bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjrh; loZgkjk ØkfUr dk bfrgkl 'kk;n dqN vkSj gh <ax ls fy[kk tkrkA cgjgky] bfrgkl dh mruh gh nq[kn foMEcuk ;g Hkh gS fd vkt Hkh bl ns'k ds f'kf{kr yksxksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk Hkxr¯lg dks ,d egku ohj rks ekurk gS] ij ;g ugha tkurk fd 23 o\"kZ dk og ;qok ,d egku fpUrd Hkh FkkA jktuhfrd vkt+knh feyus ds ipkl o\"kks± ckn Hkh lEiw.kZ xk¡èkh okÄe;] usg: okÄe; ls ysdj lHkh jk\"Vªifr;ksa ds vuq\"Bkfud Hkk\"k.kksa ds fo'kn~xzUFk rd çdkf'kr gksrs jgs ij fdlh Hkh ljdkj us Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lHkh nLrkost+ksa dks vfHkys[kkxkj] i=k&if=kdkvksa vkSj O;fDrxr laxzgksa ls fudkydj 550 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

Nkius dh lqèk ugha yhA fNViqV i=k&if=kdkvksa esa çdkf'kr ys[kksa] vt; dqekj ?kks\"k] f'ko oekZ] lksgu ¯lg tks'k] ftrsUæ ukFk lkU;ky vkfn Hkxr¯lg ds ledkyhu ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh fofHkUu iqLrdksa&ys[kksa] Hkxr¯lg ds vuqt dh iq=kh ohjsUæ flUèkq dh iqLrdksa rFkk xksiky Bkdqj] th- nsoy] eUeFkukFk xqIr] fciu pUæ] galjkt jgcj] deys'k eksgu vkfn bfrgkldkjksa&ys[kdksa ds fofHkUu y[s kkas ,oa iLq rdkas ls Hkxr¯lg ds fopkjd O;fDrRo ij jk's kuh vo'; iMr+ h jgh gS] ij cgqla[;d f'kf{kr vkcknh Hkh blls cgqr de gh ifjfpr jgh gSA Hkxr¯lg ds dqN ,sfrgkfld c;kuksa&nLrkost+ksa dks lÙkj ds n'kd ds iwokZ¼Z esa fnYyh ls dqN ØkfUrdkjh okeiUFkh laLÑfrdfeZ;ksa dh igy ij çdkf'kr gksus okyh ^eqfDr* if=kdk us çdkf'kr fd;kA blds ckn dbZ if=kdkvksa us vkSj ØkfUrdkjh xzqiksa us iqfLrdkvksa ds :i esa Hkxr¯lg ds pqus gq, dqN ys[kksa dks Nkius dk dke fd;kA Hkxr¯lg ds lkFkh f'kooekZ us muds pqfuUnk ys[kksa dk ladyu vaxzst+h vkSj fgUnh esa çdkf'kr fd;kA lcls igys txeksgu ¯lg (Hkxr¯lg dh cgu ds iq=k) vkSj peuyky us Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds vfèkdka'k oDrO;ksa] ys[kksa] i=kksa vkSj nLrkost+ksa dks ,d txg ladfyr fd;k (gkyk¡fd ;g ladyu Hkh lEiw.kZ ugha gS) tks 1986 esa jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh ls çdkf'kr gqvkA bl rF; dh ppkZ Hkxr¯lg ds dbZ lkfFk;ksa vkSj bfrgklfonksa us dh gS fd tsy esa mUgksaus pkj vkSj iqLrdsa fy[kh Fkha % ^vkRedFkk*] ^lektokn dk vkn'kZ*] ^Hkkjr esa ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu* rFkk ^e`R;q ds }kj ij*A nqHkkZX;o'k budh ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ vkt miyCèk ugha gSa vkSj ekuk ;gh tkrk gS fd os u\"V gks pqdh gSaA gkyk¡fd buds x+k;c gksus dh dgkuh Hkh jgL;e; gS vkSj blesa Hkh fdlh lkft'k ls iwjh rjg bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA cgjgky] ;g Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lokZfèkd nqHkkZX;iw.kZ çlaxksa esa ls ,d gSA vc ge Hkxr¯lg dh ml ,sfrgkfld tsy uksVcqd dh ppkZ ij vkrs gSa tks igyh ckj 1993 esa t;iqj ls ^bf.M;u cqd ØkWfudy* ls 'A Martyrs Notebook' uke ls çdkf'kr gqbZA bldk lEiknu HkwisUæ gwtk us fd;k FkkA bl Mk;jh ds çkjEHk eas nh x;h ifjp;kRed fVIi.kh ds vulq kj] bldh gLrfyf[kr@ MqIyhdsVsM çfrfyfi ,d iSdsV ds :i esa igyh ckj th-ch- dqekj gwtk (xq#dqy dkaxM+h] gfj}kj ds rRdkyhu dqyifr) dks 1981 esa xq#dqy] bUæçLFk ds nkSjs ds le; Lokeh 'kfDros'k ls feyh FkhA ij blls Hkh igys ;g Mk;jh 1977 esa ,y-oh- fe=kksf[ku us i+Qjhnkckn esa jg jgs Hkxr¯lg ds HkkbZ dqychj ¯lg ds ikl ns[kh Fkh vkSj mldk foLr`r 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 551

vè;;u djds ,d ys[k fy[kk Fkk] tks 1981 esa vaxzst+h esa çdkf'kr mudh iqLrd 'Lenin and India' esa ,d vè;k; ds :i esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA iqu% 1990 esa bl iqLrd dk fgUnh vuqokn Hkh çxfr çdk'ku] ekLdks ls ^ysfuu vkSj Hkkjr* uke ls çdkf'kr gqvkA vc rd bl Mk;jh ds lEcUèk esa çkIr tkudkjh dks ge ;gk¡ flyflysokj çLrqr dj jgs gSaA 1968 esa Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkj th- nsoy us ^ihiqYl ikFk* if=kdk esa Hkxr¯lg ij ,d ys[k fy[kk Fkk ftlesa 200 iUuksa dh ,d dkih dk ft+Ø fd;k x;k gSA mDr dkih esa iw¡thokn] lektokn] jkT; dh mRifÙk] ekDlZokn] dE;qfuT+e] èkeZ] n'kZu] ØkfUr;ksa ds bfrgkl vkfn ij fofHkUu iqLrdksa ds vè;;u ds nkjS ku Hkxr¯lg }kjk tys eas fy;s x;s ukVs ~l gAaS ;g ukVs cdq Hkxr¯lg dh iQk¡lh ds ckn muds ifjokj okyksa dks lkSai nh x;h FkhA nsoy us bls i+Qjhnkckn esa jg jgs Hkxr¯lg ds NksVs HkkbZ dqychj ¯lg ds ikl ns[kk Fkk vkSj vè;;u djds uksV~l fy;s FksA vius ys[k esa nsoy us bl ckr ij t+ksj fn;k fd ;g Mk;jh çdkf'kr dh tkuh pkfg,] ij ,slk gqvk ughaA mDr Mk;jh dh tkudkjh gksus ij 1977 esa :lh fo}ku fe=kksf[ku Hkkjr vk;s vkSj dqychj ¯lg ds gokys ls mDr Mk;jh ds foLr`r vè;;u ds ckn ,d ys[k fy[kk tks mudh iqLrd 'Lenin and India' dk ,d vè;k; cukA gesa miyCèk tkudkjh ds vuqlkj] 1979 ds ckn bfrgkl ds dbZ 'kksèkk£Fk;ksa us 404 i`\"Bksa dh mDr tsy uksVcqd dh ,d i+QksVks çfrfyfi rhu ewfrZ Hkou fLFkr tokgj yky usg: eseksfj;y E;wft+;e o yk;czsjh esa Hkh ns[kh&i<+hA ij bl ij vyx ls dksbZ 'kksèk fucUèk dgha Hkh çdkf'kr ugha gqvkA xq#dqy dkaxM+h ds rRdkyhu dqyifr th-ch- dqekj gwtk 1981 esa xq#dqy bUæçLFk (fnYyh ls 20 fdyksehVj nf{k.k rqxydkckn jsyos LVs'ku ds fudV) ds nkSjs ij x;s FksA ogk¡ laLFkk ds rRdkyhu eq[; vfèk\"Bkrk Lokeh 'kfDros'k us xq#dqy ds ^gkWy vkWi+Q i+Qse* ds rg[k+kus esa lqjf{kr bl ,sfrgkfld èkjksgj dh ,d gLrfyf[kr@MqIyhdsVsM çfrfyfi fn[kyk;h] ftls th-ch- dqekj gwtk us dqN fnuksa ds fy, ek¡x fy;kA ckn esa Lokeh 'kfDros'k dh gR;k gks x;h vkSj mDr Mk;jh (çfrfyfi) gwtk th ds ikl gh jg x;hA 1989 esa Hkxr¯lg dh 'kgknr ds fnu 23 ekpZ dks t;iqj esa dqN cqf¼thfo;ksa us ^fgUnksLrkuh eap* dk xBu fd;kA mlh dh çkjfEHkd cSBdksa esa th-ch- dqekj gwtk us Hkxr¯lg dh tsy Mk;jh dh tkudkjh nh vkSj ^fgUnksLrkuh eap* us bls çdkf'kr djus dk fu'p; fd;kA ^bf.M;u cqd ØkWfudy* if=kdk (t;iqj) ds lEiknd HkwisUæ gwtk dks bl 552 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ifj;kts uk ds lEiknu dh ftE+ ens kjh nh x;h vkjS ^fgUnkLs rkuh epa * ds egklfpo ljnkj vkscsjk;] çks- vkj-ih- HkVukxj vkSj MkW- vkj-lh- Hkkjrh; us muds lg;ksxh dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA nqHkkZX;o'k] vFkkZHkko ds dkj.k ;g ;kstuk [kVkbZ esa iM+ x;hA blh nkSjku MkW- vkj-lh- Hkkjrh; dks mDr tsy uksVcqd dh ,d vkSj Vkbi dh gqbZ çfrfyfi çkIr gqbZ tks ,d LFkkuh; fo}ku MkW- çdk'k prqosZnh ekLdks vfHkys[kkxkj ls i+QksVks&çfrfyfi djkdj yk;s FksA ^ekLdks çfr* vkSj ^xq#dqy çfr* 'kCn'k% ,d&nwljs ls fey jgs FksA 1991 esa HkwisUæ gwtk us uksVcqd dks fd'rksa esa viuh if=kdk ^bf.M;u cqd ØkWfudy* esa çdkf'kr djuk 'kq: fd;kA Hkxr¯lg dh tsy uksVcqd bl :i esa igyh ckj O;kid ikBd leqnk; rd igq¡phA MkW- peuyky us Hkh HkwisUæ gwtk dks lwfpr fd;k fd mDr uksVcqd dh ,d çfrfyfi mUgksaus Hkh usg: E;wft;e yk;czsjh] ubZ fnYyh esa ns[kh FkhA bl rjg HkwisUæ gwtk o muds lg;ksfx;ksa dh ut+j esa mDr tsy uksVcqd dh vkfèkdkfjdrk vkSj vfèkd iq\"V gqbZA igyh ckj 1994 esa mDr tsy uksVcqd ^bf.M;u cqd ØkWfudy* dh vksj ls gh HkwisUæ gwtk vkSj th-ch- dqekj gwtk (cyHkæ Hkkjrh) dh Hkwfedkvksa ds lkFk iqLrdkdkj çdkf'kr gqbZA mDr nksuksa Hkwfedkvksa ls Hkh Li\"V gS fd th-ch-dqekj gwtk vkSj HkwisUæ gwtk dks bl rF; dh tkudkjh ugha Fkh fd mDr Mk;jh dh ewy çfr Hkxr¯lg ds HkkbZ dqychj ¯lg ds ikl i+Qjhnkckn esa Hkh ekStwn gSA mUgsa th- nsoy ds ml ys[k dh Hkh lEHkor% tkudkjh ugha Fkh ftUgksaus lcls igys 1968 esa ;g rF; mn~?kkfVr fd;k Fkk] u gh mUgsa fe=kksf[ku dk og ys[k (1981) gh feyk Fkk tks mDr Mk;jh ds fo'kn vè;;u ds ckn fy[kk x;k FkkA cgjgky] fe=kksf[ku us dqychj ¯lg ds ikl miyCèk uksVcqd@Mk;jh ls fy;s x;s gokyksa ij tks i`\"B vafdr fd;s gSa] mUgsa ns[kus ls Li\"V gks tkrk gS fd th- ch- dqekj gwtk dks çkIr ^xq#dqy VsDLV* mDr ewy Mk;jh dh gh MqIyhdsV@gLrfyf[kr çfrfyfi gSA ,slk lEHko gS fd MkW- çdk'k prqosZnh us Mk;jh@uksVcqd dh tks çfrfyfi ekLdks vfHkys[kkxkj esa ns[kh Fkh] og fe=kksf[ku gh Hkkjr ls ys x;s gksaA ;k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd fdlh vkSj :lh fo}ku us Hkh Mk;jh dk vè;;u fd;k gkAs cgjgky] bu rF;ksa ls Mk;jh dh vkfèkdkfjdrk gh vkSj vfèkd iq\"V gksrh gAS ^Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds nLrkost+* iqLrd ds lEiknd&}; 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 553

txeksgu ¯lg vkSj peuyky us Hkh iqLrd ds nwljs laLdj.k dh Hkwfedk (23 ekpZ *89) esa fy[kk gS % ¶Hkxr¯lg dh tsy esa fyf[kr 404 i`\"Bksa dh Mk;jh] ftlesa egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrd o nk'kZfud uksV~l gSa] vc Hkh lkekU; ikBdksa dh igq¡p ls ckgj gS] gkyk¡fd bldh i+QksVks çfr rhu ewfrZ fLFkr tokgjyky usg: eseksfj;y E;wft+;e o yk;czsjh esa lqjf{kr gSA bl ij D;k dgk tk ldrk gS] ikBd Lo;a gh lkspsaA¸ bl fVIi.kh ls ,slk yxrk gS fd txeksgu ¯lg vkSj peuyky dks Hkh ;g rF; Kkr ugha Fkk fd Hkxr¯lg dh ewy tsy uksVcqd muds HkkbZ dqychj ¯lg ds ikl ektS nw g]S ftldk vè;;u 1968 eas th- nos y us vkjS 1977 eas fe=kkfs [ku us fd;k FkkA ;g fo'ks\"k vk'p;Z dh ckr blfy, Hkh gS D;ksafd txeksgu ¯lg Hkh Lo;a Hkxr¯lg ds ifjokj ds lnL; gSaA os Hkxr¯lg dh cgu chch vej dkSj ds iq=k gSaA Hkxr¯lg ds nwljs HkkbZ dqyrkj ¯lg dh iq=kh ohjsUæ flUèkw us Hkh Hkxr¯lg ij nks iqLrdas fy[kh gSaA mUgksaus Hkh bldk mYys[k ugha fd;k gS fd Hkxr¯lg dh tsy uksVcqd muds ifjokj ds gh ,d lnL; ds ikl ekStwn gSA ;fn bu ifjokj&tuksa dks Hkh ;g rF; ugha irk Fkk rks bl ckjs esa gesa dqN ugha dgukA u gh bldh vUrdZFkk dks tkuus esa gekjh dksbZ #fp gSA ;g loky ge ;gk¡ blfy, mBk jgs gSa fd ;g Hkkjr esa bfrgkl dh ,d xEHkhj leL;k gSA vkt+kn Hkkjr dh dkaxzslh ljdkj gh ugha] fdlh Hkh iw¡thoknh lalnekxhZ ny ls ge ;g vis{kk ugha j[krs fd mudh ljdkjsa Hkxr¯lg ds fopkjksa dks turk rd igq¡pkus dk dke djsaxhA mudk cl pyrk rks os Hkxr¯lg dh Le`fr rd dks nÝ+u dj nsrhaA ij ;g muds cl ds ckgj dh ckr gSA ysfdu 'kghns&vkte Hkxr¯lg ds ifjokj&tuksa dk mudh opS kfjd fojklr ds ckjs esa tks #[k jgk] mlds ckjs esa D;k dgk tk;s\\ lhèkk loky ;g gS fd dqychj ¯lg ds ikl ;fn Hkxr¯lg dh tsy uksVcqd ekStwn Fkh] rks mUgksaus mls Hkkjrh; turk rd igq¡pkus ds fy, D;k dksf'k'k dh\\ mUgksaus v[k+ckjksa esa] bfrgkldkjkas dks i=k fy[kdj bls Nikus vkjS turk rd igp¡q kus dh dkbs Z dkfs 'k'k D;ksa ugha dh\\ D;k bls çdkf'kr djus ds fy, çdk'kd ugha feyrs\\ ;k turk ls Ïksr&lalkèku ugha tqVrs\\ gekjh tkudkjh ds vuqlkj] 'kghnsvkte ds ifjokj ds ykxs Lo;a Hkh brus foiUu ugha gAaS mUgas ;fn Hkxr¯lg ds vkn'kk±s ls I;kj gkrs k vkSj muds fopkjksa dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus dh fpUrk gksrh rks os mDr Mk;jh Lo;a Niok ldrs FksA vk'p;Z rks rc gksrk gS tc yxrk gS fd tsy uksVcqd ds dqychj ¯lg ds ikl miyCèk gksus dk rF; Lo;a txeksgu ¯lg ;k ohjsUæ flUèkw dks gh ugha irk FkkA D;k ;g ,d 'keZukd foMEcuk ugha gS fd Hkxr¯lg dh tsy uksVcqd ij vkèkkfjr igyk foLr`r 'kksèk&fucUèk 1981 esa ,d :lh fo}ku 554 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

fe=kksf[ku dh iqLrd esa ladfyr gksdj lkeus vk;k\\ oSls bl dkfgyh vkSj x+Sjft+Eesnkjh ds fy, mu bfrgkldkjksa dks Hkh eki+Q ugha fd;k tk ldrk tks bfrgkl dks dsoy çksi+Qsljh dk tfj;k cuk;s gq, gSa vkSj bfrgkl dh cgqewY; fojklr dks Hkh turk rd igq¡pkus dh ftUgsa jÙkhHkj fpUrk ugha gSA vkSj Hkyk D;ksa gks\\ os bfrgkl i<+kus okys eqnfjZl gSa] bfrgkl cukus ls mudk Hkyk D;k ljksdkj\\ tgk¡ rd Hkxr¯lg ds ifjokj ds mu lnL;ksa dk loky gS] ftUgksaus vkt+knh ds brus o\"kks± ckn rd bfrgkl dh ,d cgqewY; èkjksgj dks ikfjokfjd lEifÙk dh rjg nkcs j[kk vkSj mls turk rd igq¡pkus dh dksbZ dksf'k'k ugha dh_ os Hkh viuh bl djuh ds pyrs bfrgkl esa viuk uke ntZ djk pqds gaSA olS s gekjs ns'k esa ;g dksbZ ubZ ckr ugha gSA ØkfUrdkjh jktuhfr vkSj lkfgR; esa ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k gSa fd egku foHkwfr;ksa ds jDr&lEcUèkh mÙkjkfèkdkjh muls tqM+s gksus ds ukrs bT+t+r rks [+kwc ik jgs gSa ij muds vkn'kks± vkSj liuksa ls mUgsa dqN Hkh ugha ysuk&nsukA mudh #fp ;k rks lEeku&çfr\"Bk&lqfoèkk esa gS ;k fiQj jk;YVh dh eksVh jo+Qe esaA Hkxr¯lg gksa ;k jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u] mudk ÑfrRo vkt iwjs jk\"Vª dh] iwjh turk dh ;k muds oSpkfjd mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa dh èkjksgj u cudj ifjokj&tuksa dh futh lEifÙk cu x;h gSA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds reke csVs&Hkrhts&Hkkats vkt ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds jDr&lEcUèkh gksus ds ukrs LokHkkfod rkSj ij turk ls bT+t+r ikrs gSa vkSj lhuk iQqykrs gSaA ij mUgsa bl ckr esa dksbZ fnypLih ugha fd D;k mu ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds lius iwjs gq,\\ blds foijhr os mlh lÙkk ls lqfoèkk,¡ ysus vkSj mUgha jktuhfrd nyksa dh jktuhfr djus rd dk dke djrs gSa] ftUgksaus ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds liuksa ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr fd;kA ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ,sls okfjl Hkh D;k vius egku iwoZtksa ds vkn'kks± dk O;kikj ugha dj jgs gSa\\ cgjgky] 1994 esa HkwisUæ gwtk vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us Hkxr¯lg dh tsy uksVcqd dk ewy vaxzst+h laLdj.k Nkidj Hkkjr dh turk vkSj ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ds fy, tks mi;ksxh dk;Z fd;k mls dHkh Hkh Hkqyk;k ugha ldrkA vke turk dks bfrgkl dh cgqewY; èkjksgj ls ifjfpr djkus ds egÙoiw.kZ dk;ZHkkjksa esa ls ;g Hkh ,d gS fd Hkxr¯lg dh tsy uksVcqd vkSj muds rFkk muds lkfFk;ksa ds lHkh nLrkost+ksa dks lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa esa vuwfnr djds tu&tu rd igq¡pk;k tk;sA Hkxr¯lg dh tsy uksVcqd Ldwyh dkih dh lkekU; lkbt (17-50 ls-eh- x 21 ls-eh) dh iqfLrdk gSA uksVcqd [kksyrs gh igys ist (VkbfVy ist) ij vaxstz +h esa fy[kk gS % ^^Hkxr¯lg ds fy,@pkj lkS pkj (404) i`\"B---** uhps ,d 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 555

gLrk{kj gS vkSj 12-9-29 dh frfFk nh x;h gSA Li\"V gS fd ;g çfof\"V tsy vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk Hkxr¯lg dks dkih nsrs le; dh x;h gSA tsy eSuqvy@ fu;ekoyh ds tkudkj tkurs gksaxs fd tc Hkh dksbZ o+QSnh fy[kus ds fy, dkih ek¡xrk gS rks tsy vfèkdkjh dks dkih ds 'kq: vkSj vUr esa ,slk fy[kuk gksrk gS vkSj o+QSnh dks Hkh çkIr djrs le; ogk¡ gLrk{kj djuk gksrk gSA Hkxr¯lg ds gLrk{kj (vaxzst+h esa) VkbfVy ist ij Hkh ekStwn gSa vkSj 12-9-29 dh frfFk ds lkFk dkih ds vUr esa HkhA uksVcqd dh tks MqIyhdsVsM@gLrfyf[kr çfrfyfi th-ch- deq kj gtw k dks x#q dyq bUæçLFk eas feyh] mleas uhps ck;as dkus s ij vxa tsz h+ esa ;g Hkh fy[kk gqvk Fkk % ¶çfrfyfi 'kghn Hkxr¯lg ds Hkrhts vHk; dqekj ¯lg }kjk rS;kjA¸ ewy uksVcqd ds i`\"B Hkxr¯lg dh NksVs v{kjksa okyh fy[kkbZ ls Hkjs gq, gSaA T;knk uksV~l vaxszt+h esa fy;s x;s gaS] ysfdu dgha&dgha mnwZ dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA 556 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

'kghnvs kte+ dh tys ukVs cdq Hkxr¯lg }kjk tys eas (1929&31) vè;;u ds nkjS ku fy;s x;s ukVs ~l vkjS m¼j.k

uksVcqd [kksyrs gh igys ist (VkbfVy ist) ij vaxzst+h esa fy[kk g%S ¶Hkxr¯lg ds fy, pkj lkS pkj (404) i`\"B---¸ uhps ,d gLrk{kj gS vkSj 12-9-29 dh frfFk nh x;h gSA Li\"V gS fd ;g çfof\"V tys vfèkdkfj;kas }kjk Hkxr¯lg dks dkih nrs s le; dh x;h gSA blds uhps Hkxr¯lg ds nks iwjs vkSj nks y?kq gLrk{kj gSaA i`\"B ds Åijh nk;sa fdukjs ij Hkh vaxzst+h esa Hkxr¯lg dk uke fy[kk gSA (ns[ksa lkeus dk i`\"B) tsy eSuqvy@fu;ekoyh ds tkudkj tkurs gksaxs fd tc Hkh dksbZ o+QSnh fy[kus ds fy, dkih ek¡xrk gS rks tsy vfèkdkjh dks dkih ds 'kq: vkSj vUr esa ,slk fy[kuk gksrk gS vkSj o+QSnh dks Hkh çkIr djrs le; ogk¡ gLrk{kj djuk gksrk gSA Hkxr¯lg ds gLrk{kj (vaxzst+h esa) VkbfVy its ij Hkh ektS nw gaS vkjS 12-9-29 dh frfFk ds lkFk dkih ds vUr esa HkhA uksVcqd dh tks MqIyhdsVsM@gLrfyf[kr çfrfyfi th-ch- dqekj gwtk dks xq#dqy bUæçLFk esa feyh] mlesa uhps ck;sa dksus ij vaxzst+h eas ;g Hkh fy[kk gvq k Fkk % ¶çfrfyfi 'kghn Hkxr¯lg ds Hkrhts vHk; dqekj ¯lg }kjk rS;kjA¸ uksVcqd vke Ldwyh dkWih ds vkdkj dh Fkh] yxHkx 6-75 x 8-50 bpa ;k 17-50 x 21 l.s VhehVjA μ lEiknd 558 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+



i`\"B 2 ¼2½1 t+ehu ds eki 2 % teZu 20 gsDVs;j μ 50 ,dM+ vFkkZr 1 gsDVs;j ¾ 2½ ,dM+ 1- uksVcqd dh i`\"B la[;k VkbfVy i`\"B ls fxuh x;h gSA dks\"Bd esa nh x;h la[;k mu i`\"Bksa dh gS ftu ij fy[kk gqvk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, i`\"B 2 ¼2½ ds ckn rhu i`\"B lkns gSa vkSj vxyh fy[kkoV i`\"B 6 ¼3½ ij gSA uksVcqd esa chp&chp esa dqN i`\"B ugha gSa rFkk dbZ i`\"B [k+kyh NksM+s gq, gSaA dqy 145 i`\"Bksa ij Hkxr¯lg us uksV~l fy;s gSaA 2- uksVcqd ds i`\"B nks ij t+ehu dh eki lEcUèkh fli+QZ bUgha nks bdkb;ksa μ gsDVs;j vkjS ,dM+ dh vkilh rqyuk vafdr gSA 560 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 6 ¼3½ lEifÙk ls eqfDr μ ¶lEifÙk dh LorU=krk¸---tgk¡ rd NksVs iw¡thifr vkSj fdlku lEifÙkèkkjdksa dk loky gS] ¶lEifÙk ls eqfDr¸ cu x;hA fookg viusvki esa] igys dh Hkk¡fr gh] os';ko`fÙk dk o+Qkuwuh rkSj ij LohÑr :i] vkSipkfjd vkoj.k] cuk jgk---A (lks'kfyT+e] lkbf.Vfi+Qd ,.M ;wVksfi;k)1 fnekx+h X+kqykeh μ ¶,d 'kk'or lÙkk us ekuolekt dks olS k gh jpk] tlS k vkt og gS] rFkk ^Js\"Brj* vkSj ^lÙkk* ds çfr leiZ.k nSoh bPNk ls gh ^fuEurj* oxks± ij ykxw fd;k x;k gSA¸ mins'kd x.k] mins'k eap vkSj çsl dh vksj ls fn;s tkus okys bl lUns'k us vkneh ds fnekx+ dks lEeksfgr dj j[kk gS vkSj ;g 'kks\"k.k ds lcls et+cwr LrEHkksa esa ls ,d gSA (vksfjftu vkWi+Q n i+QSfeyh esa vuqoknd dh Hkwfedk)2 i`\"B 7 ¼4½ ,axsYl Ñr n vksfjftu vkWi+Q n i+QSfeyh--- vkfne lekt ds bfrgkl esa ,d rdZlaxr O;oLFkk çLrqr djus dk ç;kl lcls igys ekxZu us fd;kA3 og bls rhu eq[; ;qxksa esa ck¡Vrk gS % 1- vlH;rk] 2- ccZjrk] 3- lH;rk 1- vlH;rk iqu% rhu voLFkkvksa esa foHkkftr % 1- fuEurj_ 2- eè;_ 3- mPprj 1- vlH;rk dh fuEurj voLFkk % ekuotkfr dh 'kS'kokoLFkkA 1- ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl_ lektokn] dkYifud ,oa oSKkfud 2- ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl_ ifjokj] futh lEifÙk vkSj jkT; dh mRifÙk 3- yqbl ,p- ekxZu (1818&1881)_ vesfjdh lekt'kkL=kh ftUgksaus 1877 esa çdkf'kr viuh iqLrd çkphu lekt (Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization) esa foLr`r lkekftd vè;;u ds vkèkkj ij bfrgkl fodkl dh HkkSfrdoknh èkkj.kk dks iq\"V fd;k FkkA ,axsYl us viuh iqLrd ifjokj] futh lEifÙk vkSj jkT; dh mRifÙk fy[kus esa eq[; :i ls ekxZu }kjk çLrqr lkexzh dks vkèkkj cuk;k FkkA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 561

1- isM+ksa ij jgukA 2- Hkkstu Fkk iQy] fxjhiQy vkSj dUnewyA 3- lqlaxr cksyh dk fodkl bl dky dh çèkku miyfCèkA 2- eè; voLFkk % 1- vkx dh [kkstA 2- eNyh Hkkstu ds :i esa ç;qDrA 3- f'kdkj ds fy, iRFkj ds vkSt+kj vkfo\"ÑrA 4- ekuo ekalHk{k.k vfLrRo esa vk tkrk gSA1 3- mPprj voLFkk % 1- èkuq\"k vkjS ck.k] dqEgkjh ughaA 2- xkz eh.k cfLr;k¡A 3- ?kj cukus esa bekjrh ydM+h dk bLrsekyA 4- diM+s cqus tkus yxsA vlH;rk dh voLFkk eas èku\"q k vkjS ck.k olS s gh Fk]s tlS s ccjZ rk dh voLFkk esa yksgs dh ryokj] vkSj lH;rk dh voLFkk esa vkXus;kL=k μ ;kuh] çHkqRo ds gfFk;kjA i`\"B 8 ¼5 ½ 2- ccZjrk % 1- fuEurj voLFkk % 1- dqEgkjh dk vkjEHkA igys ydM+h ds cjruksa ij feV~Vh dh ijrsa p<+k;h tkrh Fkha] ysfdu ckn esa pydj feV~Vh ds cjru vkfo\"Ñr dj fy;s x;sA 2- ekuotkfr;k¡ nks Li\"V oxks± esa foHkkftr % (i) iwohZ] tks tkuoj ikyrh Fkha vkSj vukt iSnk djrh Fkha_ (ii) if'peh] ftuds ikl fli+QZ ^eDdk* FkkA 2- eè; voLFkk % (v) if'peh xkys k¼Z % vFkkrZ vefs jdk eas os [kk|&iQ+ lyas mxkrs Fk]s ([krs h vkSj ¯lpkbZ)] vkSj ?kj cukus ds fy, b±Vsa idkrs FksA (c) iwohZ % os nwèk vkSj ekal ds fy, i'kqikyu djrh FkhaA bl voLFkk esa dksbZ [ksrh ughaA 3- mPprj voLFkk % 1- dPps yksgs dks xykukA 2- nLrkost+ fy[kus ds fy, v{kj&fyfi dk fodkl vkSj mldk bLrsekyA bl voLFkk esa vusd vkfo\"dkj gksrs gSaA ;wukuh uk;dksa dk ;gh dky gSA 3- cM+s iSekus ij eDdk dh [ksrh djus ds fy, i'kqvksa }kjk yksgs ds gy [khaps tkrs gSaA 4- taxyksa dh dVkb]Z rFkk yksgs dh dqYgkfM+;k¡ ,oa ykgs s dh dnq kysa bLrseky esa vkus yxhaA 1- ;gk¡ Hkxr¯lg us gkf'k;s ij fy[kk gS % osfut+u ¾ f'kdkj ls çkIr i'kq&ekal 562 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

5- egku miyfCèk;k¡ % (i) ykgs s ds mUur vktS k+ j] (ii) HkkfFk;k]¡ (iii) tkUrk] (iv) dqEgkj dk pkd] (v) rsy vkSj 'kjkc fudkyuk] (vi) èkkrqvksa dh <ykbZ] (vii) xkM+h vkSj jFk (viii) tgkt+&fuekZ.k ¹i`\"B 9 ¼6½º (ix) dykRed okLrq&f'kYi] (x) 'kgj vkSj fo+Qyksa dk fuekZ.k] (xi) gksej ;qx vkSj lEiw.kZ feFkd'kkL=k bu miyfCèk;ksa ds lkFk gh] ;wukuh rhljh voLFkk μ ¶lH;rk¸ μ esa ços'k dj tkrs gSaA la{ksi esa % 1- vlH;rk % eq[; rkSj ij rS;kj'kqnk çkÑfrd mRiknksa ds fofu;kstu dk dky_ ekuoh; cfq ¼&d'q kyrk e[q ;r% bl fofu;kts u eas lgk;d fl¼ gkus s okys mi;ksxh vkSt+kjksa dk vkfo\"dkj djrh gSA 2- ccZjrk % i'kqikyu] Ñf\"k ,oa ekuoh; vfHkdrkZ }kjk çÑfr dh mRikndrk c<+kus ds u;s&u;s rjho+Qksa dk Kku gkfly djus dk dkyA 3- lH;rk % çkÑfrd mRiknksa ds O;kidrj mi;ksx lh[kus dk] eSU;qi+QSDp¯jx dk] rFkk dyk dk dkyA bl çdkj] ge]as ekuo&fodkl dh rhu e[q ; voLFkkvkas ls vkerkjS ij eys [kkrs gq, ifjokj ds rhu eq[; :i feyrs gSa % 1- vlH;rk ds dky esa % ¶;wFk fookg¸ 2- ccZjrk ds dky esa % ;qXe ifjokj 3- lH;rk ds dky esa % ,dfu\"B fookg ds lkFk&lkFk O;fHkpkj vkSj os';ko`fÙkA ;qXe ifjokj vkSj ,dfu\"B fookg ds njE;ku] ccZjrk dh mPprj voLFkk esa] nkfl;ksa ds Åij iq#\"kksa ds 'kklu vkSj cgqiRuh&fookg dk ços'kA (i\"` B 90) i`\"B 10 ¼7½ fookg ds nks\"k [k+klrkSj ls ,d nh?kZdkfyd yxko] nl ekeyksa esa ls ukS esa] O;fHkpkj dk ,d iDdk çf'k{k.k Ldwy gksrk gSA (i`\"B 91) lektoknh ØkfUr vkSj fookg laLFkk vc ge ,d ,slh lkekftd ØkfUr dh vksj vxzlj gks jgs gSa ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ,dfu\"B fookg dk orZeku vk£Fkd vkèkkj mrus gh fuf'pr :i 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 563

ls feV tk;sxk] ftrus fuf'pr :i ls ,dfu\"B fookg ds vuqiwjd dk] os';ko`fÙk dk vk£Fkd vkèkkj feV tk;sxkA ,dfu\"B fookg dh çFkk ,d O;fDr ds μ vkSj og Hkh ,d iq#\"k ds μ gkFkksa esa cgqr&lk èku ,df=kr gks tkus ds dkj.k vkSj bl bPNk ds iQyLo:i mRiUu gqbZ Fkh fd og ;g èku fdlh nwljs dh lUrku ds fy, ugha] dsoy viuh lUrku ds fy, NksM+ tk;sA bl mís'; ds fy, L=kh dh ,dfu\"Brk vko';d Fkh] iq#\"k dh ughaA blfy, ukjh dh ,dfu\"Brk ls iq#\"k ds [kqys ;k fNis cgqiRuhRo esa dksbZ ckèkk ugha iM+rh FkhA ijUrq vkus okyh lkekftd ØkfUr LFkk;h nk;k| èku&lEink ds vfèkdrj Hkkx dks μ ;kuh mRiknu ds lkèkuksa dks μ lkekftd lEifÙk cuk nsxh vkSj ,slk djds lEifÙk dh fojklr ds ckjs esa bl lkjh fpUrk dks vYire dj nsxhA ij ,dfu\"B fookg pf¡w d vk£Fkd dkj.kkas ls mRiUu gvq k Fkk] blfy, D;k bu dkj.kkas ds feV tkus ij og Hkh feV tk;sxk\\ (i`\"B 91)1 i`\"B 11 ¼8½ ¶Hkj nks I;kyk gs fç; esjs] tks nwj djs vkt foxr ds nq[k vkS* vkxr ds Hk; dks μ dy\\ μ D;ksa] dy gks ldrk eSa gks tkÅ¡ lkr gt+kj o\"kks± ds dy dk vrhrA --- --- --- ;gk¡ ?kus xkN ds uhps] lkFk esa jksVh] efnjk dh lqjkgh] 'kk;jh dh fdrkc μ vkSj rqe xk jgh cxy esa esjs bl futZu chgM+ esa! vc rks LoxZ cuk ;g futZu chgM+ gh! ¶mej [k+Õ;ke¸ jkT; dh iwokZis{kk gS cy ç;ksx dh ,d lkoZtfud lÙkk] tks vius jkT; % lnL;ksa ds lEiw.kZ fudk; ls i`Fkd gks pqdh gksA μ (,axsYl) (i`\"B 116)2 1- ,axsYl_ ifjokj] futh lEifÙk vkSj jkT; dh mRifÙk 2- ogh 564 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

jkT; dh mRifÙk % ---ijq kus te+ kus eas oQ+ chykas ds chp gkus s okys ;¼q kas }kjk Hk\"z V gkrs s g,q u;k :i èkkj.k μ thfodksiktZu ds lkèku ds :i esa <ksj] nkl vkSj èku&nkSyr ywVus ds fy, t+ehu vkjS ikuh ds jkLrs ls cko+Qk;nk èkkos_ la{ksi esa] èku&nkyS r dks nqfu;k esa lcls cM+h pht+ le>k tkus yxk] mls ç'kalk vkSj vknj dh n`f\"V ls ns[kk tkus yxk vkSj iqjkus xks=k&lekt dh laLFkkvksa vkSj çFkkvksa dks Hkz\"V fd;k tkus yxk rkfd èku&nkSyr dks t+cjnLrh ywVuk mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldsA vc dsoy ,d pht+ njdkj Fkh % ,slh laLFkk dh] tks u dsoy vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa dh u;h gkfly dh gqbZ lEifÙk dks xks=k&O;oLFkk dh iqjkuh lkeqnkf;d ijEijkvksa ls cpk lds] tks futh LokfeRo dks] ftldh igys vfèkd çfr\"Bk ugha Fkh] u dsoy ifo=k o+Qjkj ns vkSj bl ifo=krk dks ekuolekt dk pje y{; ?kksf\"kr dj ns] cfYd tks lEifÙk çkIr djus] vkSj blfy, èku&nkSyr dks yxkrkj c<+krs jgus ds u;s vkSj fodflr gksrs gq, rjho+Qksa ij lkoZtfud ekU;rk dh eqgj Hkh yxk n_s ,ls h lLa Fkk dh] tks u dos y lekt ds uotkr ox&Z foHkktu dk]s cfYd lEifÙkoku oxZ }kjk lEifÙkghu oxZ ds 'kks\"k.k fd;s tkus ds vfèkdkj dks vkSj lEifÙkghu oxZ ij lEifÙkoku oxZ ds 'kklu dks Hkh LFkk;h cuk nsA vkSj ;g laLFkk Hkh vk igq¡phA jkT; dk vkfo\"dkj gqvkA (i\"` B 129&130)1 ,d vPNh ljdkj dh ifjHkk\"kk % ¶vPNh ljdkj Lo&'kklu dk fodYi dHkh ugha gks ldrhA¸ ¶gsujh dSEicsy cSujeSu¸ 2 ¶gesa ;o+Qhu gS fd ljdkj dk dsoy ,d gh :i gS] pkgs bls ftl uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tk;s] ftlesa vfUre fu;U=k.k turk ds gkFkksa esa gksrk gSA¸ ¶vyZ vkWi+Q ckyiQksj¸ 3 1- ,axsYl_ ifjokj] futh lEifÙk vkSj jkT; dh mRifÙk 2- lj gSujh dSEicsy&cSujeSu (1836&1908) % fczfV'k mnkjoknh jktusrk] 1905&08 rd çèkkueU=kh jgsA 3- lEHkor% vkFkjZ tsEl (1848&1930) % çFke vyZ vkWi+Q ckyiQksj] fcfz V'k jktuf;d ,oa çèkkueU=kh (1902&1905) 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 565

èkeZ % ¶èkeZ ds çfr esjk viuk n`f\"Vdks.k ogh gS tks Y;wØsfr;l dk gSA eSa bls Hk; ls iSnk gqbZ ,d chekjh ds :i esa] vkSj ekuotkfr ds fy, ,d vdFkuh; nq[k ds :i esa ekurk gw¡A ysfdu] eSa blls bUdkj ugha dj ldrk fd blus lH;rk esa dqN ;ksxnku Hkh fd;k gSA blus vkjfEHkd dky esa iapkax&fuèkkZj.k esa enn dh] vkSj blh ds pyrs feÏ ds iqjksfgrksa us xzg.kksa dk y[s kk&tk[s kk bruh lkoèkkuh ds lkFk j[kk fd ckn eas os buds ckjs eas Hkfo\";ok.kh dj ldus esa leFkZ gks x;sA bu nks lsokvksa dks rks eSa ekuus ds fy, rS;kj gw¡] ysfdu vkSj fdlh ds ckjs esa eSa ugha tkurkA &cVsZª.M jlsy 1 i`\"B 13 ¼10½ ijksidkjh fujadq'krk % ekW.VsX;w&psEli+QksMZ2 us fczfV'k ljdkj dks ,d ^ijksidkjh fujadq'krk* dgk gS vkSj] fczfV'k yscj ikVhZ ds lkezkT;oknh usrk] jSEts eSDMksukYM3 ds vuqlkj ¶,d ^ijksidkjh fujadq'krk* }kjk fdlh ns'k ij 'kklu djus ds lHkh ç;klksa esa] 'kkflrksa dks dqpy Mkyk tkrk gSA os O;ogkj'khy ukxfjd ugha] vkKkdkjh çtk cu tkrs gSaA mudk lkfgR;] mudh dyk] mudh vkfRed vfHkO;fDr ej tkrh gSA¸ Hkkjr ds çHkkjh fons'keU=kh] vkujscy ,l- ekW.VsX;w us Hkkjr ljdkj % gkml vkWi+Q dkeal esa 1917 esa dgk ¶Hkkjr ljdkj] vkèkqfud mís';ksa ds fy, fdlh Hkh dke yk;d gksus dh n`f\"V ls csgn tM+] csgn fueZe] csgn vkfne] vkSj csgn nfd;kuwl gSA Hkkjr ljdkj vleFkZuh; gSA¸ 1- egku xf.krK vkSj nk'kZfud cVsZª.M vkFkZj fofy;e jlsy (1872&1972) 2- Hkkjr esa laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa ds lEcUèk esa ekW.VsX;w&psEli+QksMZ fjiksVZ (1918) ftlds vkèkkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e] 1919 ds rgr nkgs jk 'kklu ykxw gvq kA ,Mfou leS vq y ekW.VXs ;w (1877&1924) 1917 ls 1922 rd Hkkjr ds ekeykas dk çHkkjh fcfz V'k fon's keU=kh vkSj ykWMZ psEli+QksMZ 1916 ls 1920 rd Hkkjr dk ok;ljk; jgkA 3- tEs l jES ts eDS Mkus kYM (1866&1937) % fcfz V'k jktuf;d vkjS fcfz V'k ycs j ikVhZ dk laLFkkid lnL;A 1923&24 esa rFkk 1929&35 esa fczVsu dk çèkkueU=kh jgkA 566 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

Hkkjr esa MkW- jFki+QksMZ1 ds 'kCn % ¶Hkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu tSls fczfV'k 'kklu % pyk;k tk jgk gS og nqfu;k esa ljdkj dh lcls fuÑ\"V vkSj lcls vuSfrd ç.kkyh μ ,d jk\"Vª }kjk nwljs dk 'kks\"k.k μ gSA¸ ¶vaxszt+ yksx vkt+knh dks Lo;a viuh [k+kfrj gh I;kj vkt+knh vkSj djrs gSaA os vU;k; dh lHkh dkjZokb;ksa ls ?k`.kk djrs gSa] vaxzst+ yksx flok; muds tks os Lo;a djrs gSaA os ,sls vkt+knh&çseh yksx gSa fd dkaxks esa n[k+yvUnkt+h djrs gSa] vkSj csfYt;uksa ij ¶'keZ&'keZ¸ fpYykrs gSaA ysfdu os Hkwy tkrs gSa fd mudh ,fM+;k¡ Hkkjr dh xjnu ij gSaA¸ μ ,d vk;fj'k ys[kd 2 i`\"B 14 ¼11½ HkhM+ dk çfr'kksèk ---¶vc vkb;s ge ns[ksa fd dSls yksx bl <ax ls lt+k nsus ds fopkj ds dk;y gq,A ¶os bls mUgha ljdkjksa ls lh[krs gSa ftuds vUrxZr os th jgs gksrs gSa] vkSj cnys esa ogh lt+k nsrs gSa ftldks Hkksxus ds os vknh gks pqds gksrs gSaA lwyh ij V¡xs flj] tks o\"kks± rd VsEiy ckj ds Åij yxs jgs] isfjl esa lwyh ij Vk¡xs tkus okys fljksa ds n`'; dh Hk;kogrk ls rfud Hkh fHkUu ugha Fks_ fiQj Hkh vaxzst+ ljdkj us ;gh fd;kA 'kk;n dgk tk ldrk gS fd blls vkneh dks dksbZ [k+kl i+Qo+QZ ugha iM+rk fd ejus ds ckn mlds lkFk D;k fd;k tkrk g_S ysfdu thforksa dks blls dki+Qh i+Qo+QZ iM+rk gS] blls ;k rks mudh Hkkouk,¡ fonh.kZ gks tkrh gSa ;k muds fny iRFkj gks tkrs gSa] vkSj nksuksa gh lwjrksa esa] ;g mUgsa f'kf{kr djrk gS fd tc lÙkk muds gkFk esa vk;s rks os dSls lt+k nsaA ¶rc dqYgkM+h ls tM+ ij gh çgkj djks] vkSj ljdkjksa dks ekuork fl[kk nksA ;s mudh [kwa[kkj lt+k,¡ gh gSa tks ekuotkfr dks Hkz\"V djrh gSa---A tulkekU; ds lkeus çn£'kr bu Øwj n`';ksa dk çHkko laosnu'khyrk dks [k+Re djus ;k çfr'kksèk HkM+dkus ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gS] rFkk foosd ds ctk; vkrad ds 1- MkW- oh-,p- jnji+QksMZ dh iqLrd ekWMuZ bf.M;k % bV~l çksCyEl ,.M ns;j lksY;w'kal] yUnu] 1927 ls 2- lEHkor% mijksDr iqLrd esa m¼`r 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 567

}kjk yksxksa ij 'kklu djus dh blh fuÑ\"V vkSj >wBh èkkj.kk ds tfj;s os felky curs gSaA¸ (jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu] (i`\"B 32)] Vh- isu)1 i`\"B 15 ¼12½ jktk vkSj jk\"Vª us yqbZ pkSngosa ds fo#¼ ugha] cfYd ljdkj ds jktrU=k % fujadq'k fl¼kUrksa ds fo#¼ foæksg fd;kA ;s fl¼kUr ewyr% mlls ugha] cfYd dbZ lnh igys LFkkfir vkjfEHkd O;oLFkk ls iSnk gq, Fks] vkSj bruh xgjkbZ esa tM+ tek pqds Fks fd [k+Re ugha fd;s tk lds Fks] rFkk ijthfo;ksa ,oa yqVsjksa dk xUnxh ls Hkjk gqvk vLrcy Hkh brus ?k`.kkLin :i ls xUnk Fkk fd ,d lEiw.kZ ØkfUr gh mls lki+Q dj ldrh FkhA tc dksbZ dke djuk t+:jh gks tkrk gS] rks mls nÙk&fpÙk gksdj djuk pkfg,] ;k mls djus dh dksf'k'k gh ugha djuh pkfg,---A jktk vkSj jktrU=k nks vyx&vyx fHkUu phtas+ Fkh_a vkjS iow kDZs r (;kuh jktk μ l-) ;k mlds fl¼kUrkas ds gh fojksèk esa ;g foæksg gqvk vkSj ØkfUr dh x;hA μ (i`\"B 19)2 euq\"; us lekt esa ços'k blfy, ugha fd;k fd og çkÑfrd vkSj igys ls Hkh cnrj gks tk;s] cfYd blfy, fd mlds ukxfjd vfèkdkj % vfèkdkj igys ls csgrj <ax ls lqjf{kr gksaA mlds çkÑfrd vfèkdkj gh mlds lHkh ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSaA çkÑfrd vfèkdkj os gSa tks euq\"; ds thus ds vfèkdkj ls lEcfUèkr gSa (ckSf¼d&ekufld vkfn)A ukxfjd vfèkdkj os gaS tks eu\"q ; ds lekt dk ,d lnL; gkus s ls lEcfUèkr gAaS μ (i`\"B 44)3 1- VkWel isu dh Ñfr] n jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu_ vaxzst+ ys[kd vkSj çpkjd VkWel isu (1737&1809) vesfjdh LorU=krk&laxzke vkSj ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr esa viuh vfoLej.kh; Hkwfedk ds fy, lkjh nqfu;k esa fo[;kr gS_ mldk ijpk dkeu lsal rFkk ;g Ñfr jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu] bfrgkl dh vewY; èkjksgj gSaA vesfjdh LorU=krk&laxzke ds nkSjku fy[kk x;k jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu vesfjdh lafoèkku dk eq[; vkèkkj cukA 2- n jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu ls 3- ogh 568 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 16 ¼13½ jktk dh ,d O;fDr ds Hkj.k&iks\"k.k ds fy,] fdlh ns'k ds ru[+okg % lkoZtfud VSDlksa esa ls] nl yk[k LV²yx lkykuk nsus dh ckr djuk vekuoh; gS] tcfd gt+kjksa yksx tks blesa ;ksxnku djus ds fy, etcwj fd;s tkrs gSa] vHkko ls =kLr vkSj cngkyh ls tw> jgs gSaA ljdkj tsyksa vkSj jktegyksa ds chp] ;k daxkyh vkSj 'kku&'kkSo+Qr ds chp fdlh le>kSrs ds :i esa ugha gksrh_ ;g blfy, ugha xfBr dh tkrh fd t+:jreUn ls mldh neM+h Hkh ywV yh tk;s vkSj [k+Lrkgkyksa dh nqnZ'kk vkSj c<+k nh tk;sA μ (i`\"B 204)1 ¶eq>s vkt+knh nks ;k ekSr¸ ¶---ekeys dks gydk cukuk csdkj gS] egk'k;A 'kjhiQ yksx 'kkfUr] 'kkfUr fpYyk ldrs gSa μ ysfdu dksbZ 'kkfUr ugha gSA ;q¼ rks okLro esa 'kq: gh gks pqdk gSA vc vxyk >a>kokr tks mÙkj ls mBdj---gekjs dkuksa rd igq¡p jgk gS] xqatk;eku gfFk;kjksa dh VdjkgVksa dk gAS gekjs cUèkq&ckUèko rks igys gh ls yM+kbZ ds eSnku esa gSaA ge ;gk¡ csdkj D;ksa [kM+s gSa\\ vkf[k+j 'kjhiQ yksx pkgrs D;k gSa\\ os D;k djsaxs\\ D;k thou bruk I;kjk ;k 'kkfUr bruh ehBh gS fd mls csfM+;ksa vkSj X+kqykeh dh o+Qher ij Hkh [k+jhn fy;k tk;s\\ jkds ks bl]s gs lo'Z kfDreku b'Z ojA eaS ugha tkurk fd vkjS ykxs dkuS &lk jkLrk vf[+r;kj djsaxsA ysfdu tgk¡ rd esjh ckr gS] eq>s ¶vkt+knh¸ nks ;k ¶ekSr¸A μ iSfVªd gsujh 2 et+nwj dk vfèkdkj % ^tks dksbZ Hkh dfBu Je ls dksbZ pht+ iSnk djrk gS mls ;g crkus ds fy, fdlh [+kqnkbZ iSx+ke dh t+:jr ugha fd iSnk dh x;h pht+ ij mlh dk vfèkdkj gAS ¸ μ jkcVZ th- baxjlksy 3 1- ogh 2- iSfVªd gsujh (1736&1790) % vesfjdh LorU=krk laxzke ds usrkvksa esa ls ,d] ç[kj oDrk vkSj lkaln 3- jkWcVZ th- baxjlksy (1832&1899) % vesfjdh odhy] oDrk vkSj ys[kd 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 569

i`\"B 17 ¼14½ ¶yksxksa ds flj dye dj fn;s tkus dks rks ge Hk;adj ekurs gSa] ij gesa thou&i;ZUr cjo+Qjkj jgus okyh e`R;q dh ml Hk;adjrk dks ns[kuk ugha fl[kk;k x;k gS tks x+jhch vkSj vR;kpkj }kjk O;kid vkcknh ij Fkksi nh x;h gSA¸ μ ekdZ V~osu 1 ¶---lkfgR; ds p;u esa vjktdrkokfn;ksa vkSj foæksg vjktdrkoknh % HkM+dkus okyksa dks Hkh LFkku fey tkrk gS_ vkSj ;fn mldh dqN pht+sa ikBd dks egt vkØks'k dk mn~xkj gh yxsa] rks Hkh eSa dguk pkgw¡xk fd blds fy, lkfgR; ds le£ir p;udrkZ dks nks\"k ugha nsuk pkfg,] ;gk¡ rd fd jpukdkj dks Hkh nks\"k ugha nsuk pkfg, μ mls (;kuh ikBd dks μ l-) dks Lo;a viusvki dks gh nks\"k nsuk pkfg,] fd mlus mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ekStwnxh esa pqIih lkèk yh gS] ftuds pyrs mlds ns'k&lekt ds yksx ikxyiu vkSj fujk'kk dh pje lhek ij tk igq¡ps gSaA¸ μ vIVu ¯lDys;j 2] Hkwfedk] 19] Økb i+QkWj tfLVl cw<+k et+nwj % ¶---og (csjkst+xkj cw<+k et+nwj) mez ls] çÑfr ls] vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tw> jgk Fkk_ lekt] o+Qkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dk lkjk ck>s mlds Åij Hkkjh iMr+ k gvq k] mls viuk vkRelEeku vkjS vktk+ nh [kks nsus ij etcwj dj jgk Fkk---A mlus iQkeks± ds njokt+s [kV[kVk;s vkSj og fli+QZ euq\"; esa gh vPNkbZ ik ldk μ o+Qkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk esa ugha] cfYd fli+QZ euq\"; esa ghA¸ μ fjpMZ tsiQjht+ (80) 3 i`\"B 18 ¼15 ½ ¶---vkSj ge yksx] ftUgksaus bl dke dks vatke nsus dk x+jhc et+nwj % chM+k mBk;k] bl nqfu;k esa dqtkr gh jgsA ,d vUèkh foQ+ Ler] ,d fojkV fueeZ rU=k us dkV&NkV¡ dj gekjs vfLrRo dk <kpa k fuèkkfZ jr 1- vlyh uke lSeqvy ySaXgkWuZ Dyhesal (1835&1910) % e'kgwj vesfjdh miU;kldkj vkSj O;aX;dkj 2- e'kgwj vesfjdh miU;kldkj vkSj lektoknh&lqèkkjd (1878&1968)A Økb i+QkWj tfLVl lkekftd izfrjks/ ds lkfgR; dk ,d vuwBk ladyu gS tks ¯lDys;j ds lEiknu esa 1915 esa çdkf'kr gqvk FkkA vkxs dbZ i`\"Bksa rd ds uksV~l blh iqLrd ls fy;s x;s gSaA 3- vaxzst+ çÑfroknh vkSj miU;kldkj (1848&1887) 570 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dj fn;kA ge ml oD+r frjLÑr gq,] tc ge lcls vfèkd mi;ksxh Fks] gesa ml oD+r nqRdkj fn;k x;k] tc gekjh t+:jr ugha Fkh] vkSj gesa ml oD+r Hkqyk fn;k x;k] tc gekjs Åij foifÙk;ksa dk igkM+ VwVk gqvk FkkA gesa chgM+&catj lki+Q djus ds fy,] mldh lkjh vkfne Hk;adjrkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,] rFkk mlds fo'o&iqjkru vojksèkksa dks fNUu&fHkUu dj Mkyus ds fy, Hkst fn;k tkrkA ge tgk¡ Hkh dke djrs] ogk¡ ,d fnu ,d u;k 'kgj tUe ys ysrk_ vkSj tc ;g tUe ys gh jgk gksrk] rc ;fn geesa ls dksbZ ogk¡ pyk tkrk] rks mls ^fcuk fuf'pr irs dk vkneh* dgdj idM+ fy;k tkrk vkSj fljfiQjk&vkokjk dgdj ml ij eqo+Qnek pyk;k tkrkA¸ μ (iSfVªd eSdfxy dh Ñfr] fpYMªsu vkWi+Q n MsM ,.M] lh-ts- 48 ls)1 uSfrdrk % ¶uSfrdrk vkSj èkeZ ml O;fDr ds fy, egt 'kCnHkj gaS tks vkthfodk dk txq kM+ djus ds fy, xUns ukys eas eNyh ekjrk gS] vkSj tkM+s dh jkr esa dM+kds dh 'khrygjh ls cpus ds fy, lM+dksa ij ihiksa ds ihNs iukg ysrk gSA¸ μ gksjsl xzhys (128)2 Hkw[k % ¶'kkld ds fy, mfpr ;gh gS fd mlds 'kklu esa dksbZ Hkh vkneh B.M vkSj Hkw[k ls ihfM+r u jgsA vkneh ds ikl tc thus ds ekewyh lkèku Hkh ugha jgrs] rks og vius uSfrd Lrj dks cuk;s ugha j[k ldrkA¸ μ dksadks gks'kh (tkiku dk ckS¼ fHk{kq] 14oha lnh] i`\"B 135) i`\"B 19 ¼16½ eqfDr vjs euq\";ks! djrs gks xoksZfDr fd rqe lUrfr gks eqDr vkSj ohj firjksa dh] ij ;fn ysrk lk¡l ,d Hkh nkl èkjk ij] rks D;k lpeqp rqe gks eqDr vkSj ohj\\ 1- iSfVªd eSdfxy (1889&1963) % vkbfj'k i=kdkj] dfo vkSj miU;kldkjA (lh-ts- μ Økb i+QkWj tfLVl dk laf{kIr) 2- vesfjdh i=kdkj vkSj jktuhfrK (1811&1872) 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 571

;fn rqedks vglkl ugha tc csM+h ihM+k nsrh ,d HkkbZ dks] rks D;k lpeqp rqe ugha vèke nkl tks o+Qkfcy ugha eqDr gksus ds\\ D;k gS og lPph eqfDr] tks rksM+s t+athjsa cl viuh [k+kfrj] vkSj Hkqyk ns laxfny gksdj fd ekuork dk o+Qt+Z gS ge ij\\ ugha] lPph eqfDr rHkh tc ge ck¡Vsa lc t+athjsa] tks igus gSa vius HkkbZ] vkSj Hkko vkS* deZ ls yxdj gk¡s vkSjksa dh eqfDr eas rRij! nkl rks os tks Hk; [kkrs gSa Loj nsus esa fxjs gq, vkSj nqcZy dh [k+kfrj_ nkl rks os tks ugha pqusaxs ?k`.kk] Mk¡V vkSj xkyh vkSj nqcddj eq¡g eksM+saxs lp ls] bl ij lksp t+:jh_ nkl rks os tks fgEer u djsa nks ;k rhu Hkh gksa xj lp ds go+Q esaA μ ¶tsEl jlsy ykWosy¸ (i`\"B 189)1 i`\"B 20 ¼17½ Hkjs iM+s gSa 'kqHkz vkSj fueZy vkHkk ds jRu ?kusjs lkxj ds xgu vxkèk xàj esa] f[kyrs gSa cgqrsjs iQwy vuns[ks yTtk#.k gksrs] vkSj yqVk nsrs viuh lqxUèk futZu c;kj esaA2 vkfo\"dkj % vc rd ;g loky o+Qk;e gS fd D;k vc rd fd;s x;s lkjs ds lkjs vkfo\"dkj fdlh Hkh vkneh dh jkst+ejkZ dh dM+h e'kD+o+Qr Hkjh ft+Unxh dks vklku cuk ik;s gSaA μ ts-,l- fey 3] 199 1- vesfjdh dfo] fucUèkdkj vkSj lEiknd (1819&91) 2- vxa tsz + dfo VkWel xsz (1716&7) dh jpuk ,fyth fjVus bu ,d d.Vhª pp;Z kMZ ls 3- tkWu LVqvVZ fey] vaxzst+ fucUèkdkj vkSj mnkjoknh nk'kZfud (1808&73) 572 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

Hkh[k % ¶èkjrh ij ml vkneh ls vfèkd ?k`.kkLin vkSj v#fpdj vkjS dkbs Z ugha gS tks Hkh[k nrs k gAS vkjS ] olS s gh ml vkneh ls vfèkd n;uh; vkSj dksbZ ugha gS tks mls Lohdkj djrk gSA efDle xksdhZ 1] i`\"B 204 LorU=krk os e`r 'kjhj uo;qodksa ds] os 'kghn tks >wy x;s iQk¡lh ds iQUns ls μ os fny tks Nyuh gks x;s Hkwjs lhls ls] lnZ vkSj fu\"iUn tks os yxrs gSa] thfor gSa vkSj dgha vckfèkr vkst ds lkFkA os thfor gSa vU; ;qok&tu esa] vks jktkvksA os thfor gaS vU; cUèkq&tu esa] fiQj ls rqEgsa pqukSrh nsus dks rS;kjA os ifo=k gks x;s e`R;q ls μ f'kf{kr vkSj leqUurA i`\"B 21 ¼18½ ni+Qu u gksrs vkt+knh ij ejus okys iSnk djrs gSa eqfDr&cht] fiQj vkSj cht iSnk djus dksA ftls ys tkrh nwj gok vkSj fiQj cksrh gS vkSj ftls iksf\"kr djrs gSa o\"kkZ ty vkSj fgeA nsgeqDr tks gqbZ vkRek mls u dj ldrs fofPNUu vL=k&'kL=k vR;kpkjh ds cfYd gks vts; jerh èkjrh ij] ejej djrh] cfr;krh] pkSdl djrhA (okYV fgVeSu 2] i`\"B 268) eqDr fpUru % ¶;fn dksbZ ,slh pht+ gks tks eqDr fpUru dks cjnk'r u dj lds] rks og HkkM+ esa tk;sA¸ μ fo.Msy fiQfyi 3] i`\"B 271 1- efDle xksdhZ (1868&1936) % çfl¼ :lh loZgkjk ØkfUrdkjh ys[kd 2- okYV fOgVeSu (1819&92)% çfl¼ vesfjdh dfo_ mudh fo[;kr dfork yhOt+ vkWi+Q xzkl ls 3- fo.Msy fiQfyIl (1811&1884) % vesfjdh oDrk] lqèkkjd] vkSj nklrk fojksèkh vkUnksyu ds lfØ; dk;ZdrkZ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 573

¶jkT; ni+Qk gks tk;s! eSa ,slh ØkfUr esa Hkkx yw¡xkA jkT; dh lewph jkT; % voèkkj.kk dk ewyksPNsnu dj nks] eqDr p;u vkSj vkfRed cUèkqrk dks gh fdlh ,drk dh ,dek=k lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ 'krs± gksus dh ?kks\"k.kk djks] vkSj rHkh rqe ,d ,slh vkt+knh dh 'kq#vkr djksxs ftldh dksbZ lkFkZdrk gksxhA¸ μ gsufjd bClu 1] i`\"B 273 mRihM+u % ¶mRihMu+ fu'p; gh ,d le>nkj vkneh dks ikxy cuk nrs k gAS ¸ μ (i`\"B 278)2 i`\"B 22 ¼19½ 'kghn % tks vkneh vius lkFkh eu\"q ;kas }kjk fd;s tkus okys vR;kpkj dk fojkès k djus ds ç;kl esa] viuh tku ij [ksyrs gq,] viuh lkjh ft+Unxh fuNkoj dj nsrk gS] og vR;kpkj vkSj vU;k; ds lfØ; vkSj fuf\"Ø; leFkZdksa dh rqyuk esa ,d lUr gS] Hkys gh mlds fojksèk ls mldh viuh ft+Unxh ds lkFk&lkFk vU; ft+Unfx;k¡ Hkh D;ksa u u\"V gks tkrh gksaA ,sls O;fDr ij igyk iRFkj ogh ekjus dk go+Qnkj gks ldrk gS ftlus dHkh dksbZ iki u fd;k gksA (i`\"B 287)3 fupyk oxZ % tc rd dksbZ fupyk oxZ gS] eSa mlesa gh gw¡A tc rd dksbZ vijkèkh rÙo gS] eSa mlesa gh gw¡A tc rd dksbZ tsy esa o+QSn gS] eSa vkt+kn ugha gw¡A μ ;wthu ch- MsCl 4(144) lcds fo#¼ ,d (pkYlZ iQwfj, % 1772&1837)5 oreZ ku lkekftd O;oLFkk ,d gkL;kLin rU=k g]S ftleas lEi.w kZ ds v'a k] bl 1- gsufjd bClu (1828&1906) % ukosZ ds çfl¼ ukVddkj] vkèkqfud x| ukVd dh 'kq#vkr djus okys ekus tkrs gSaA 2- ,Dysft+vkfLrt+ (fgczw ckbfcy dk ,d fgLlk) vè;k; 7] in 7 3- vesfjdh vjktdrkoknh ,ek xksYMeku (1869&1940) ds ,d fucUèk ls 4- ;wthu oh- MsCl (1855&1926)% vesfjdh lektoknh usrk] 1918 esa çFke fo'o;q¼ fojksèkh ,d Hkk\"k.k ds dkj.k gqbZ nl o\"kZ o+QSn dh lt+k lquk;s tkrs oD+r vnkyr esa c;ku 5- Úk¡Lok esjh pkYlZ iQwfj;s (1772&1837)% ç+Qkalhlh lektoknh ys[kd_ m¼j.k dk Ïksr vKkr 574 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

lEiw.kZ ds fo#¼ ,d Vdjko esa lfØ; gaAS ge ns[krs gaS fd lekt dk çR;sd ox]Z lkoZtfud fgr ds LFkku ij gj rjg ls] vius futh fgr dks vkxs j[krs gq,] nwljs oxks± ds nqHkkZX; dh o+Qher ij] vius fgr dh dkeuk djrk gSA odhy] [k+klrkSj ls èkfudksa ds chp] eqo+Qnesckt+h vkSj eqo+Qneksa dh dkeuk djrk gS_ MkWDVj chekjh dh dkeuk djrk gSA (;fn gj dksbZ fcuk chekjh ds ejus yxs rks ;s (MkWDVj) oSls gh cjckn gks tk;saxs] tSls ;fn lkjs >xM+s ckrphr ls gy gksus yxsa rks (odhy) gks tk;saxsA lSfud yM+kbZ pkgrk gS] rkfd mlds vkèks lkFkh ej tk;sa vkSj mldh rjD+o+Qh lqfuf'pr gks tk;s_ vUR;sf\"V djkus okyk di+Qu&ni+Qu dh dkeuk djrk g_S btk+ jns kj vkjS tek[kk+ js ] vukt dh oQ+ her nxq uq h ;k frxuq h djus ds fy,] vdky pkgrs g]aS okLrdq kj] c<b+ ]Z jktxhj vkxtuh pkgrs g]aS rkfd ldS Mk+ as ?kj tydj HkLe gks tk;sa vkSj mudh viuh&viuh 'kk[kkvksa dk dkjksckj pyrk jgsA μ (i`\"B 202) i`\"B 23 ¼20½ lekt gR;k] O;fHkpkj ;k Bxh dks utj+ vUnkt+ dj ldrk g_S u;k fl¼kUr % ij og ,d u;s fl¼kUr ds çpkj dks dHkh eki+Q ugha djrkA μ çQsMfjd gSfjlu 1(i`\"B 327) vkt+knh vkt+knh ds fcjos dk le;&le; ij ns'kHkDrksa vkSj dk fcjok % vR;kpkfj;ksa ds [+kwu ls lhapk tkuk vko';d gSA ;gh bldh o+Qqnjrh [kkn gSA μ VkWel tsiQjlu 2 (i`\"B 332) f'kdkxks ds 'kghn % vc dksbZ Hkys gh ;g dgs fd mlus Hkkjh x+yrh dh] ijUrq ;fn mudh x+yrh nl xquk Hkh vfèkd cM+h gksrh] rks Hkh bls mldh o+QqckZuh ekuo&Le`fr iVy ls iksaN gh Mkysxh--- pfy, ge ;g iwjh rjg eku ysrs gSa fd mUgksaus viuh ut+j esa fojksèk dk tks lcls vPNk rjhoQ+ k viuk;k] mldh èkkj.kk ijw h rjg xy+ r vkjS vlEHko Fkh] eku fy;k fd mUgksaus dkjZokbZ dk lcls vPNk jkLrk ugha viuk;kA ysfdu og D;k pht+ Fkh ftlus mUgas viuh ektS nw k lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fo#¼ èkkok ckys us 1- ç+QsMfjd gSfjlu (1831&1923) % çfl¼ fofèkosÙkk_ bfrgkl] jktuhfr vkSj lkfgR; ij dbZ iqLrdksa ds ys[kd 2- VkWel tsiQjlu (1743&1826)% vesfjdk ds rhljs jk\"Vªifr] vesfjdh LorU=krk laxzke ds vxz.kh usrk vkSj lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa esa çeq[k 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 575

ds fy, mdlk;k\\ os vkSj gt+kjksa yksx tks muds lkFk mB [kM+s gq,] cqjs vkneh ugha Fks] Hkz\"V ugha Fks] [+kwu ds I;kls ugha Fks] laxfny ugha Fks] vijkèkh ugha Fks] vkSj u gh LokFkhZ ;k ikxy FksA rc og D;k pht+ Fkh ftlus brus rh[ks vkSj xgjs çfrokn dks mdlkok fn;k---\\ fdlh us Hkh bl ljy&lhèkh ckr ij x+kSj ugha fd;k fd euq\"; viusvki dks fdlh fojksèk ds fy, fcuk bl fo'okl ds ,dtqV ugha djrs fd dksbZ u dksbZ pht+ ,slh gS ftldk mUgsa fojksèk djuk gS vkSj fd fdlh Hkh laxfBr lekt eas O;kid fojksèk ,d ,slh pht+ gS tks xgjh Nkuchu dh njdkj j[krh gSA μ pkYlZ ,MoMZ jlsy 1(333) i`\"B 24 ¼21½ ØkfUrdkjh dh olh;r ¶eaS vius nkLs rkas ls ;g Hkh dguk pkgx¡w k fd os ejs s ckjs eas de ls de ppkZ djsaxs ;k fcYdqy gh ppkZ ugha djsaxs] D;ksafd tc vkneh dh rkjhi+Q gksus yxrh gS rks mls bUlku ds ctk; nsoçfrek&lk cuk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g ekuotkfr ds Hkfo\"; ds fy, cgrq cjq h ckr g-S --A fliQ+ Z dek±s ij gh xk+ jS djuk pkfg,] mUgha dh rkjhiQ+ ;k fuUnk gkus h pkfg,] pkgs os fdlh ds }kjk fd;s x;s gkAas vxj ykxs kas dks buls lkoZtfud fgr ds fy, çsj.kk feyrh fn[kk;h ns] rks os budh rkjhi+Q dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu vxj ;s lkekU; fgr ds fy, gkfudj yxsa] rks os budh fuUnk Hkh dj ldrs gSa] rkfd fiQj budh iqujko`fÙk u gks ldsA ¶eSa pkgw¡xk fd fdlh Hkh volj ij] esjh o+Qcz ds fudV ;k nwj] fdlh Hkh fo+QLe ds jktuhfrd ;k èkk£ed çn'kZu u fd;s tk;sa] D;ksafd eSa le>rk gw¡ fd ejs gq, ds fy, [k+pZ fd;s tkus okys le; dk csgrj bLrseky mu yksxksa dh thou&n'kkvksa dks lqèkkjus esa fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftuesa ls cgqrsjksa dks bldh Hkkjh vko';drk gSA¸ μ çQkaflLdks iQsjsj 2 dh olh;r Lisuh f'k{kd (1859&1909)] ftls èkeZ&iqjksfgrksa }kjk ck£lyksuk naxksa ds ckn nq'euho'k ,d \"kM~;U=k ds rgr iQk¡lh ns nh x;hA 1- pkYlZ b-Z jlys (1860&1941) % edjds lZ uke ls ifz l¼ vefs jdh y[s kdk]as i=kdkjkas ds lewg ds çeq[k lnL; Fks] ftUgksaus viuh jpukvksa esa iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dh cqjkb;ksa dk Hk.MkHkksM+ fd;kA 2- iwjk uke ÚkaflLdks iQsjsj xqvk£n;k (1859&1909) % Lisuh f'k{kk'kkL=kh] tks ckn esa lektoknh cu x;s_ ;|fi mUgksaus ¯glk dk fojksèk fd;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh mu ij eqo+Qnek pyk;k x;k] vkSj iQk¡lh ns nh x;h] ftls ckn esa pydj ¶vnkyrh gR;k¸ uke fn;k x;kA 576 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

nku % ¶esjs ihNs vkvks¸] bZlk elhg us èkuh ;qod dks dgkA ysfdu vius O;olk; esa yxs jguk vkSj viuh dqN nkSyr dks nku&deZ esa yxkuk rqyukRed :i ls vklku FkkA ijksidkj gjsd ;qx dk pyu jgk gSA nku x+jhch ds foæksgh rsoj dks u\"V dj nsrk gSA vr% ijksidkjh èkuh vkneh vius ljh[ks nkyS reUnksa dk gh fgr\"S kh gksrk g]S vkjS mUgha dh ,glkueUnh eglwl djrk gS_ mlds fy, lH; lekt ds lkjs njokt+s [kqys gksrs gSaA blhfy, mUgkuas s (;kuh blZ k elhg us μ l-) fHk{kk&nku dks lkekftd dk;k ds xgjs ?kkokas dh ejge&iV~Vh ds :i esa Lohdk;Zrk nsus ls bUdkj dj fn;k---A ijksidkj dks U;k; ds ,d fodYi ds :i esa mUgksaus drbZ rjthg ugha nhA ¹i\"` B 25 ¼22½ ij tkjhº nku nksgjk vfHk'kki gS μ ;g nkrk dks laxfny vkSj çkIrdrkZ dks ujefny cukrk gSA ;g x+jhcksa dk 'kks\"k.k ls dgha vfèkd uqo+Qlku djrk gS] D;ksafd ;g mUgsa 'kksf\"kr gksus dk bPNqd cukrk gSA ;g nkl Hkkouk dks tUe nsrk gS] tks uSfrd vkRegR;k gh gSA bZlk elhg us vFkkg nkSyr ds fy, fli+QZ ,d gh btkt+r nh Fkh vkSj og ;g Fkh fd mls ØkfUrdkjh çpkj ds fy, le£ir dj fn;k tk;s] rkfd ckn esa vFkkg nkSyr dk tek gksuk gh ges'kk ds fy, vlEHko gks tk;s---A μ cd àkbV] iknjh] tUe 1870] ;w-,l-,- i`\"B(353)1 eqfDr&;q¼ i+QkStksa dh rko+Qr ,d fn[kk;h nsus okyh pht+ gS lqLi\"V] vkSj ns'k dky esa vkc¼] ysfdu dkSu [kkst ldrk ml 'kfDr dh lhekvksa dks ftls ,d cgknqj turk gh çdV dj ldrh gS ;k pkgs rks] fNik ldrh gS μ eqfDr&;q¼ esaA HkM+d mBs U;k;laxr çfrjksèk dk μ dksbZ ik¡o ihNk ugha dj ldrk] dksbZ vk¡[k ugha ns[k ldrh ml tkuysok txg dks] ;g rko+Qr pkgs rks mM+ku Hkjs ia[k yxkdj çp.M ok;q dh Hkk¡fr] ;k lks;s eUn ok;q dh Hkk¡fr viuh Mjkouh xqiQkvksa esa μ lky nj lky iQSykrh feV~Vh ls tUes bl fopkj dks μ fudV vkSj nwj] 1- cd àkbV (1874&1951) % vesfjdh lektoknh vkSj ys[kd 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 577

ugha ck¡èk ldrh dksbZ Hkh dyk μ bl lw{e rko+Qr dks tks iQwVrh t+ehu ls tyèkkjk dh Hkk¡fr] vkSj ik ysrh gj dksus esa ,d gksaB tks bldh o+Qæ djsA μ MCY;w- oM~ZloFkZ 1 i`\"B 26 ¼23½ ykbV fczxsM dk èkkok vkèkk yhx vkèkk yhx] vkèkk yhx vkSj] ekSr dh ?kkVh esa c<+ pys N% lkS ohjA ^c<+s pyks ykbV fczxsM! Hkj yks cUnwo+Qsa!* og cksyk] ekSr dh ?kkVh esa c<+ pys N% lkS ohjA ^c<+s pyks ykbV fczxsM!* D;k dksbZ Fkk ?kcjk;k\\ ugha] xksfd ekywe Fkk lSfudksa dks fdlh u dj nh Fkh Hkkjh Hkwy] mudk dke ugha Fkk mÙkj nsuk] mudk dke ugha Fkk loky iwNuk] mUgsa Fkk cl yM+uk vkSj ej tkuk ekSr dh ?kkVh esa c<+ pys N% lkS ohjA rksisa muds nk;sa ckT+kw] rksisa muds ck;sa ckT+kw] rksisa muds Bhd lkeus] nxrha vkSj xjtrha] xksykckjh dh vk¡èkh esa] c<+ pys fuMj os lhèks 1- fofy;e oMZ~loFkZ (1750&1850) % çfl¼ vaxzst+ dfo] tks viuh ;qokoLFkk esa jSfMdy vkSj x.krU=k leFkZd jgsA 578 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

ekSr ds tcM+ksa ds Hkhrj] i`\"V 27 ¼24½ udZ ds eq¡g ds Hkhrj] μ ykWMZ Vsuhlu 1 c<+ pys N% lkS ohjA pedkrs lc uaxh ryokjsa] gok esa tc mudks ygjkrs dkVrs tkrs rksifp;ksa dks] geyk djrs lsuk ij] tcfd lkjh nqfu;k pdjkrh] fiy iM+s rksi ds èkq,¡ esa c<+ pys rksM+dj ekspkZ dT+t+kd vkSj :lh flikgh [kkdj ryokj dh pksVsa fNUu&fHkUu gks tkrsA rksisa muds nk;sa ckT+kw] rksisa muds ck;sa ckT+kw] rksisa muds ihNs ls] nxrha vkSj xjtrha] xksykckjh dh vk¡èkh esa] Hkys fxjs v'o vkSj uk;d fiQj Hkh os bruk vPNk tw>s fd gksdj ekSr ds tcM+ksa ls ykSVs os udZ ds eq¡g ls] tks Hkh Fks cps jg x;s N% lkS esa ls cps jg x;sA dc gks ldrk èkwfey mudk ;'k\\ vjs og mudh fodV p<+kbZ! lkjh nqfu;k pdjkrhA vknj] ml geys dks vknj] ykbV fczxsM dks! Js\"B N% lkS ohjksa dksA 1- ykWMZ vYç+QsM Vsuhlu (1809&1897) % çfl¼ vaxzst+ jk\"Vªoknh dfo 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 579

uksV % i`\"B 27 ¼24½ ds vUr esa ;s rhu 'ks*j mnwZ esa fy[ks gq, gSaA ;s fdl 'kk;j ds gSa] ;g Li\"V ugha gSA uhps ;s 'ks*j nsoukxjh esa çLrqr gSa % fny ns rw bl fet+kt dk ijojfnxkj ns tks X+ke dh ?kM+h dks Hkh [+kq'kh ls xqt+kj nsA lt+k dj eÕ;r&,&mEehn ukdkeh ds iQwyksa ls fdlh gennZ us j[k nh esjs VwVs gq, fny esaA NsM+ uk ,s i+Qfj'rs! rw ft+Øs X+kes&tkuk¡A D;ksa ;kn fnykrs gks Hkwyk gqvk vi+QlkukA 580 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 28 ¼25 ½ tUefl¼ vfèkdkj % ge csVs gSa mu firjksa ds ftUgksaus ekr nh Fkh r[+rks&rkt vkSj iqjksfgrksa1 ds vR;kpkj dks_ mUgksaus nh Fkh pqukSrh eSnkus&tax esa vkSj iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ls vius tUefl¼ vfèkdkj ds fy, μ ge Hkh ;gh djsaxs! (Vh- dES icys )2 y{; dh efgek % vjs! csdkj dh ui+Qjr ds fy, ugha] u lEeku ds fy,] u gh viuh 'kkcklh ds fy, cfYd y{; dh efgek ds fy,] fd;k tks rqeus] Hkqyk;k ugha tk;sxkA (vkFkZj DykWx)3 vkRek dh vejrk % ;fn rqEgsa dHkh ,d ,slk vkneh fey tk;s tks vejrk esa fo'okl j[krk gks] rks cl le> yks fd vc rqEgkjh dksbZ Hkh dkeuk 'ks\"k ugha jg tk;sxh_ rqe mldh lkjh dh lkjh pht+sa ys ldrs gks μ vxj rqe pkgks rks thrs&th mldh [kky mrkj ldrs gks μ vkSj og bls ,dne [+kq'kh&[+kq'kh mrkj ysus nsxkA (vIVu ¯lDy;s j 403) lh-th- [+kqnkbZ vR;kpkjh ,d vR;kpkjh 'kkld ds fy, t+:jh gS fd og t+kfgjk rkSj ij èkeZ esa vlkèkkj.k vkLFkk fn[kk;As turk ,d ,ls s 'kkld ds nOq ;oZ gkj ds çfr de lprs 1- vaxzst+h esa 'kCn Li\"V ugha 2- VkWel dSEicsy (1777&1844) % LdkWV dfo ds xhr eSu vkWi+Q baXyS.M dh vfUre iafDr;k¡A uksVcqd ds fiNys laLdj.kksa esa =kqfVo'k ^Vh* dks ^ts* i<+k tkus ds dkj.k budk ifjp; vkbfj'k dfo tkst+si+Q dSEicsy ds :i esa fn;k x;k FkkA 3- vkFkZj áw Dyks (1819&61) % vaxzst+ dfo dh dfork isfLp,jk dh iafDr;k¡A ftlesa bVyh ds çFke Lokèkhurk laxzke ds nkSjku isfLp,jk uked LFkku ij 1848 esa gqbZ yM+kbZ dk o.kZu gSA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 581

gksrh gS] ftls og bZ'oj ls Mjus okyk vkSj ifo=k ekurh gSA nwljs] og vklkuh ls mlds fojksèk esa Hkh ugha tkrh] D;ksafd mls fo'okl jgrk gS fd nsork Hkh 'kkld ds lkFk gSaA1 i`\"B 29 ¼26½ lSfud vkSj fpUru % ¶;fn esjs lSfud lkspuk 'kq: dj nsa] rc rks muesa ls dksbZ Hkh lsuk esa ugha jgxs kA¸ (ç+QsMfjd egku 2) 562 ejs tks loZJs\"B ohj % ekjs x;s gSa loZJs\"B ohjA ni+Quk fn;s x;s os pqipki] ,d futZu Hkwfe esa] dksbZ vk¡lw ugha cgs mu ij vtuch gkFkksa us mUgsa igq¡pk fn;k o+Qcz esa] dksbZ lyhc ugha] dksbZ ?ksjk ugha] dksbZ lekfèk&ys[k ugha tks crk lds muds xkSjo'kkyh ukeA ?kkl mx jgh gS mu ij] ,d nqcZy iÙkh >qdh gqbZ] tkurh gS bl jgL; dks] cl ,dek=k lk{kh Fkha miQurh ygjsa] tks çp.M vk?kkr djrh gSa rV ij] ysfdu os çp.M ygjsa Hkh ugha ys tk ldrha vyfonk ds lUns'k muds lqnwj ?kj rdA (oh-,u- fiQ+ Xuj)3 dkjkxkj % ¶rkjs ugha] ns'k ugha] dky ugha] Bgjko ugha] cnyko ugha] usdh ugha] cnh ugha] 1- vjLr]w ikfW yfVDl 2- ç'kk dk ç+QsMfjd (1712&1786)% çcq¼ fujadq'k 'kkld ds :i esa çfl¼ 3- osjk fudksyk;sOuk fi+QXuj (1852&1942) :lh efgyk ØkfUrdkjh vkSj 'kghn] t+kj'kkgh ds fo#¼ ;q¼ dh ?kks\"k.kk djus okyh çFke :lh efgykvksa esa ,d 582 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

cfYd [+kkeks'kh] vkSj ,d fu\"iUn lk¡l (n fçt+uj vkWi+Q fpyksu)1 tks u thou dh] u e`R;q dhA i`\"B 30 ¼27½ vkjksi&flf¼ ds ckn % viuh ltk+ luq yus s ds rjq Ur ckn ds {k.kkas eas ltk+ ds fy, vfHk'kIr O;fDr dk fnekx+ dbZ ek;ukas eas ml vkneh ds fnekx+ tlS k gks tkrk gS tks ekrS ds dxkj ij >wy jgk gksrk gSA pqipki] vkSj ekuks vUr%çsfjr gksdj] vc og mu lHkh pht+ksa ls fojDr gks tkrk gS ftUgsa mls NksM+ tkuk gS] vkSj og] n`<+Hkko ls] vius lkeus ns[krk gqvk] ml lPpkbZ ds çfr iwjh rjg lpsr gks tkrk gS] tks vifjgk;Zr% ?kfVr gksus okyh gksrh gSA (oh-,u- fiQ+ Xuj) o+QSnh % ¶?kqVu gksrh gS bl uhph] xUnh Nr ds uhps_ fupqM+rh tk jgh gS esjh rko+Qr lky nj lky_ mRihfM+r djrs gSa eq>s μ ;g iFkjhyk i+Q'kZ] ;g ykSg&t+athjksa ls c¡èkh est ;g [kkV] ;g dqlhZ] c¡èkh gqbZ t+athj ls nhokjksa ds lkFk] rkcwr ds iVjksa dh Hkk¡fr] bl fpjLFkk;h] ewd] eqnkZ [+kkeks'kh esa [+kqn dks cl ,d yk'k gh le>k tk ldrk gSA¸ ¶,u-,- eksjkst+kso¸ 2 1- çfl¼ vxa tsz + dfo ykMW Z ck;ju (1788&1824) dh bl dfork eas tus os k >hy ds ikl fpyksu ds fo+Qys esa o+QSn ,d ns'kHkDr Úk¡Lok fn cksfuokj ds tsy&thou dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA 2- fudksykbZ vysDlkUæ eksjkst+kso (1854&1946) % :lh ØkfUrdkjh] ys[kd] dfo vkSj oSKkfud_ 1880 esa yUnu esa ekDlZ ls eqyko+Qkr vkSj esfui+QsLVks vkWi+Q n dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds :lh esa vuqokn dk ftEek] 1875 ls 1878 rd] rFkk 1881 ls 1905 rd] o+Qjhc 25 o\"kks± rd tsy dh lt+k ds nkSjku] jlk;u foKku] HkkSfrdh] xf.kr vkSj [kxksy foKku ij 28 iqLrdksa ds vykok dfork,¡ vkSj dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[khaA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 583

uaxh nhokjsa] tsy ds [+;kykr] fdrus v¡fèk;kjs vkSj mnkl gks rqe] fdruk eqf'dy gS fd cUnh gks fuf\"Ø; jguk vkSj ns[kuk lius vkt+knh ds fnuksa dsA (eksjkst+kso) i`\"B 31 ¼28½ 1 ¶gj pht+ ;gk¡ gS fdruh [k+keks'k] cstku] iQhdh (eksjkst+kso) o\"kks± xqt+j tkrs gSa ;ksa gh] dqN irk ugha pyrk] gÝ+rs vkSj fnu dVrs gSa cM+h eqf'dy ls] nsrk gS fli+QZ cksfj;r budk ;g flyflykA yEch o+QSn ls gekjs [+;ky gks tkrs gSa eugwl_ Hkkjhiu eglwl gksrk gS gekjh gfM~M;ksa esa_ ;U=k.kk dh ihM+k ls] yEgs yxrs gSa vUrghu pkj Mx pkSM+h bl dksBjh esaA gesa thuk gS iwjh rjg vius geli+Qj Hkkb;ksa ds fy,] gesa nsuk gksxk viuk loZLo muds fy,] vkSj mUgha dh [k+kfrj yM+uk gksxk cnulhch ds f[k+yki+Q! --- --- --- (ekjs kts k+ os ) 1- ewy esa mnwZ esa ;g 'ks*j fy[kk gqvk gS % rq>s tcg djus dh [+kq'kh] eq>s ejus dk 'kkSo+Q] esjh Hkh et+hZ ogh gS] tks esjs lS;kn dh gSA 584 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

vk;s eq>s vkt+kn djus % (n fçt+uj vkWi+Q fpyksu) vkf[k+j yksx vk;s eq>s vkt+kn djus_ eSaus u iwNk D;ksa vkSj u lkspk dgk¡] esjs fy, rks dqy feykdj ,d gh Fkk] c¡èks jguk ;k cUèkueqDr gksuk] eSaus fujk'kk ls I;kj djuk lh[k fy;k Fkk] vkSj bl rjg vUrr% tc os çdV gq,] vkSj mrkj Mkys esjs lkjs cUèku ;s Hkkjh nhokjsa cu pqdh Fkha esjs fy, ,d laU;kl&vkJe μ iwjh rjg viukA i`\"B 32 ¼29½ ¶vkSj ge lEekfur fd;s x;s gSa ,d fe'ku nsdj! geus ,d dfBu Ldwy ikl fd;k] ysfdu gkfly dj fy;k Å¡pk KkuA fuokZlu] tsy] vkSj eqf'dy fnuksa dh cnkSyr ge tku x;s gSa vkSj o+Qher le>rs gSa lPpkbZ vkSj vkt+knh dh nqfu;k dhA¸ (fçt+uj vkWi+Q 'yqlsycxZ)1 ,d f'k'kq dh e`R;q vkSj ihM+k ^,d cPpk iSnk gqvkA mlus lpsr rkSj ij u rks dksbZ cqjk dke fd;k] u vPNk dke fd;kA og chekj iM+ x;k] og yEcs le; rd dki+Qh rdyhi+Q >syrk jgk] rc rd tc rd fd ml vlá osnuk ls ej ugha x;kA D;ksa\\ D;k otg Fkh\\ nk'kZfud ds fy, ;g ,d 'kk'or igsyh gSA*2 1- ysfuuxzkn {ks=k esa fLFkr 'yqlsycxZ o+QLcs ds ikl ,d }hi ij ihVj egku dh lsuk }kjk 1702 esa cuk;s x;s fo+Qys dks ckn esa ,d dkjkxkj esa cny fn;k x;k FkkA bl dkjkxkj eas vuds fnlEcjoknh ØkfUrdkjh] vjktdrkoknh ckdfq uu] ikfs y'k n's kHkDr ydq klkfs oLykx] ek'kZy nksyxks#dh] vkSj ysfuu ds HkkbZ vysDlkUæ dks o+QSn djds j[kk x;k Fkk (ysfuu ds HkkbZ dks ;gha iQk¡lh nh x;h) 2- Ïksr vKkr 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 585

,d ØkfUrdkjh ds fnekx+ dh cukoV % ¶tks O;fDr dHkh Hkh bZlk elhg ds thou ls çHkkfor jgk gS] ftUgksaus ,d vkn'kZ ds uke ij ihM+k] vieku vkSj e`R;q dk oj.k fd;k_ ftlus mUgsa dHkh ,d vkn'kZ rFkk muds thou dks vuklDr çse dh çfrew£r ekuk gS μ ogh ml ØkfUrdkjh ds fnekx+ dh cukoV dks le> ldrk gS ftls lt+k nh x;h gS] vkSj turk dh vkt+knh ds fy, dke djus ds tqeZ esa thfor gh eo+Qcjs esa Mky fn;k x;k gSA¸ (osjk ,u- fi+QXuj) vfèkdkj % vfèkdkj ek¡xks ughaA c<+dj ys yksA vkSj mUgsa fdlh dks Hkh rqEgsa nsus er nksA ;fn eqÝ+r esa rqEgsa dksbZ vfèkdkj fn;k tkrk gS rks le>ks fd mlesa dksbZ u dksbZ jkt t+:j gSA T+;knk lEHkkouk ;gh gS fd fdlh x+yr ckr dks myV fn;k x;k gSA1 i`\"B 33 ¼30½ dksbZ nq'eu ugha\\ rqe dgrs gks] rqEgkjk dksbZ nq'eu ugha\\ vi+Qlksl! esjs nksLr] bl 'ks[k+h esa ne ugha] tks 'kkfey gksrk gS i+Qt+Z dh yM+kbZ esa] ftls cgknqj yM+rs gh gSa mlds nq'eu gksrs gh gSaA vxj ugha gSa rqEgkjs rks og dke gh rqPN gS tks rqeus fd;k gSA rqeus fdlh x+íkj ds dwYgs ij okj ugha fd;k gS] rqeus >wBh o+Qlesa [kkus okys gksaB ls I;kyk ugha Nhuk gS] rqeus dHkh fdlh x+yrh dks Bhd ugha fd;k gS] rqe dk;j gh cus jgs yM+kbZ esaA (pkYlZ eSds] 747)2 cky&Je % xkSjS;s dk cPpk xkSjS;s dks nkuk ugha pqxkrk] 1- jkstj ,u- ckYMfou % vesfjdu flfoy fycVhZ ;wfu;u ds funs'kd jgsA ç+Qh Lihp i+QkbV vkWi+Q n vkbZ- MCY;w- MCY;w- (b.MfLVª;y odZlZ vkWi+Q n oYMZ) ls 2- pkYlZ eSds (1814&1889) % LdkWV dfo] i=kdkj vkSj xhrdkj 586 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

pwt+k eqx+hZ dks pqXxk ugha djkrk] fcYyh dk cPpk fcYyh ds fy, pwgs ugha ekjrk μ ;g egkurk rks fli+QZ euq\"; dks ulhc gSA ge lcls cqf¼eku] lcls cyoku uLy gSa μ ge o+Qkfcys rkjhi+Q gSaA ,dek=k ft+Unk çk.kh tks thrk gS vius cPpksa dh esgur ijA ('kkyksZV i£dUl fxyeSu)1 i`\"B 34 ¼31½ dksbZ oxZ ugha! dksbZ le>kSrk ugha!! (tkWtZ Mh- gsjlu) lektoknh vkUnksyu ds nkSjku ,d ,slk oD+r vk jgk gS] vkSj lEHko gS] og oDr+ vk pdq k g]S tc lèq kjh gbq Z n'kk,¡ ;k lek;kfs tr mtjras etn+ jw kas dh ekx¡ dk tokc ugha jg tk;saxh] vkSj rc ;s pht+sa lkekU; cqf¼ ds fy, ,d vieku ds vykok vkjS dqN ugha fl¼ gksaxhA vkt nqfu;kHkj esa tks lektoknh vkUnksyu py jgk gS og csgrj mtjrksa] lqèkjh gqbZ iw¡thoknh n'kkvksa ;k iw¡thoknh equki+Qs esa fgLlk c¡Vkus ds fy, ugha py jgk gS_ ;g py jgk gS mtjrksa vkSj equki+Qksa ds [kk+ Res ds fy,] vkjS it¡w hokn ,oa futh it¡w hifr;kas dh lekfIr ds fy,A lèq kjh gqbZ jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡] iw¡th vkSj Je ds chp le>kSrk djkus okyh ifj\"knsa] ijksidkj vkSj fo'ks\"kkfèkdkj tks iw¡thifr;ksa dh [kSjkrksa ds vykok vkSj dqN ugha gSa μ buesa ls dksbZ Hkh pht+ ml loky dk tokc ugha ns ldrh tks efUnjksa] lÙkk ds ¯lgkluksa vkSj lalnksa dks d¡id¡ik jgk gSA tks yksx ncs&dqpys gSa vkSj tks yksx mudh ihB ij lokj gksdj vkxs c<+s gq, gSa] vc bu nksuksa ds chp dksbZ veu&pSu ugha jg ldrkA vc oxks± ds chp dksbZ esy&feyki ugha gks ldrk_ vc rks oxks± dk fli+QZ vUr gh gks ldrk gSA tc rd igys U;k; u gks] rc rd ln~Hkkouk dh ckr djuk vuxZy çyki gS] vkSj tc rd bl nqfu;k dk fuekZ.k djus okyksa dk viuh esgur ij vfèkdkj u gks] rc rd U;k; dh ckr djuk csdkj gSA nqfu;k ds et+nwjksa dh ek¡x dk tokc mudh esgur dh lewph dekbZ ds vykok vkSj dqN ugha gks ldrkA (tkWtZ Mh- gsjlu)2 1- 'kkyksZV i£dUl fxyeSu (1860&1935) % vesfjdh miU;kldkj] dgkuhdkj vkSj lekt lq/kjd dh dfork ftls 1920 ds n'kd esa vesfjdk esa ckyJe o+Qkuwu esa la'kksèku ij pyh cgl esa ,d lkaln }kjk m¼`r fd;k x;kA 2- lEHkor% tkWtZ Msfol gSjksu (1862&1925)] tks ,d t+ekus esa fØf'p;u lks'kfyLV iknjh Fks vkSj vesfjdk dh lks'kfyLV ikVhZ ds lnL; Hkh jgsA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 587

i`\"B 35 ¼32½ iw¡thokn dh cckZfn;k¡1 vkLVsªfy;k ds ckjs esa vk£Fkd vuqeku] fFkvksMksj gVZ~t+dk 2 (1886) }kjk % çR;sd ifjokj ¾ 40 oxZ iqQV esa 5 dejksa okyk edku 50 o\"kks± rd pyus yk;dA3 et+nwjksa dh dke djus dh mez ¾ 16&50 (o\"kZ μ l-) bl çdkj gekjs ikl gSa 5]000]000 (et+nwj μ l-) 615]000 et+nwjksa dk Je ¾ Je dk 12-3 çfr'kr 22]000]000 yksxksa dk Hkkstu iSnk djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA ;krk;kr&ifjogu dh Je ykxr lesr] foykflrkvksa gsrq fli+QZ 315]000 ¾ 6-33 çfr'kr et+nwjksa ds Je dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA bldk eryc ;g gqvk fd miyCèk Je dk 20 çfr'kr gh lewps egk}hi ds Hkj.k&iks\"k.k ds fy, i;kZIr gSA 'ks\"k 80 çfr'kr lekt dh iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k 'kksf\"kr vkSj cjckn gks tkrk gSA i`\"B 36 ¼33½ t+kj'kkgh 'kklu vkSj cksY'ksfod 'kklu czSft;j g.V4 dk dguk gS fd cksY'ksfodksa us vius 'kklu ds igys pkSng eghuksa esa] 4500 yksxksa dks ekrS dh lt+k nh ftuesa ls T+;knkrj dk tqeZ pksjh vkjS lV~Vsckt+h FkkA 1905 dh ØkfUr ds ckn] t+kj ds eU=kh] Lrksyhfiu5 us] ckjg eghuksa ds Hkhrj 32]773 yksxksa dks ekSr dh lt+k nh FkhA (i`\"B 390 czkl psd)6 1- ;g 'kh\"kZd cM+s v{kjksa esa fy[kk gqvk gS 2- fFk;ksMksj gV~Zt+dk (1845&1924) % gaxkjh&vkWfLVª;kbZ vFkZ'kkL=kh vkSj i=kdkjA ç+Qh yS.M % lksf'k;y ,f.Vflis'ku ds ys[kd 3- edku ds {ks=kiQy esa dqN xM+cM+ gS] vk¡dM+s Li\"V ugha 4- vesfjdh i=kdkj 5- I;ks=k vdkZfn,fop Lrksyhfiu (1862&1911) % 1906 ls 1911 rd t+kj dh efU=kifj\"kn dk vè;{k vkSj x`geU=kh 6- vIVu ¯lDys;j dh iqLrd ftls cqtqZvk i=kdkfjrk dh cf[k;k m/sM+us okyh igyh iqLrd ekuk tkrk gSA 588 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

i`\"B 37 ¼34½ lkekftd laLFkkvksa dk LFkkf;Ro çR;sd ih<+h ds Hkzeksa esa ls ,d Hkze ;g gS fd og ftu lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds rgr th jgh gksrh gS os] dqN [k+kl vFkZ esa] ¶çkÑfrd¸] vifjorZuh; vkSj LFkk;h gaAS fiQj Hkh] vufxur gt+kj o\"kks± ls] lkekftd laLFkk,¡ mÙkjksÙkj inS k gksrh jgh gSa] fodkl djrh jgh gSa] iru'khy gksrh jgh gSa vkSj lelkef;d vko';drkvkas ds vu:q i nlw jh cgs rj lLa Fkkvkas }kjk Øe'k% foLFkkfir dh tkrh jgh gSa---A rc] loky ;g ugha gS fd gekjh orZeku lH;rk cnysxh ;k ugha] cfYd ;g gS fd og dSls cnysxh\\ ;g] lqfopkfjr vuqdwyu ds tfj;s] Øe'k% vkSj pqipki ,d u;k :i ys ldrh gSA ;k] ;fn vuqdwyu ds ctk; dksbZ mxz çfrjksèk mB [kM+k gksrk gS] rks ;g èkekds ds lkFk èoLr gks ldrh g]S vkjS ekuotkfr dks lkekftd vjktdrk vkSj vO;oLFkk dh voLFkk ds fupys Lrj ls ,d u;h lH;rk ds fuekZ.k dk d\"Vlkè; dk;ZHkkj lkSai ldrh gS] ftlesa fiNyh O;oLFkk dh fli+QZ cqjkb;k¡ gh ugha] cfYd mldh HkkSfrd] ckSf¼d vkSj uSfrd miyfCèk;k¡ Hkh ugha jgsaxhA μ ih-vkbZ- fMds vkWi+Q dSi- flfoykbt+s'ku 1 i`\"B 38 ¼35 ½ iw¡thokn vkSj okf.kT;okn % tkikuh Nk=kksa dh ,d lHkk esa johUæukFk2 dk Hkk\"k.k % tkiku esa vkidk viuk m|ksx Fkk_ og fdrus dÙkZO;fu\"B Hkko ls bZekunkj vkSj lPpk Fkk] bls vki blds mRiknksa ls μ mudh Lrjh;rk vkSj rknkn ls] NksVh&NksVh pht+ksa ds çfr muds è;ku nsus ls tku ldrs gSa] ftu ij 'kk;n gh dkbs Z Vhdk&fVIi.kh dh tk ldAs ijUrq vkidh Hkfw e ij >Bw dh ,d ygj nfq u;k ds ml Hkkx ls cgdj vk pqdh gS tgk¡ O;kikj fli+QZ O;kikj gS vkSj bZekunkjh dks fli+QZ lcls vPNh uhfr ekuk tkrk gSA D;k vkidks dHkh 'keZ ugha eglwl gksrh] tc vki mu O;kikfjd foKkiuksa dks ns[krs gSa] tks fli+QZ lewps 'kgjh {ks=k 1- lEHkor% I;qfVªi+QSD'ku ,.M b.VuZy fMds vkWi+Q dSfiVfyLV flfoykbt+s'ku μ ij Bhd&Bhd Ïksr ,oa lUnHkZ dk irk ughaA 2- johUæukFk Bkdqj (1861&1941) Hkk\"k.k dk LFkku] le; rFkk vU; C;ksjs miyCèk ugha gaSA 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 589

dks gh >wB vkSj vfr'k;ksfDr;ksa ls ugha ikV jgs gSa] cfYd mu gfjr {ks=kksa ij Hkh èkkok cksyrs tk jgs gSa] tgk¡ fdlku bZekunkjh ls esgur djrs gSa] vkSj mu ioZr&f'k[kjksa dks Hkh vius geys dk fu'kkuk cukrs tk jgs gSa] tks Hkksj ds çFke fueZy çdk'k dk Lokxr djrs gSa\\---A viuh Hkíh ltkoVksa dh ccZjrk ds lkFk ;g okf.kT;okn lewph ekuork ds fy, ,d Hk;kud egkfoink gS] D;ksafd ;g çoh.krk ds Åij rkoQ+ r ds vkn'kZ dk vkjkis .k dj jgk gAS ;g viuh uXu c's kehZ ds lkFk vius eas gh exu jgus ds pyu dks xkjS okfUor dj jgk gAS bldh gjdras ¯gld gSa] vkSj bldk 'kksj&'kjkck cslqjk vkSj ddZ'k gSA ;g vius gh loZuk'k dh vksj c<+ jgk gS] D;ksafd ;g mlh ekuork dks dqpy dj foÑr dj jgk gS---ftl ij ;g Lo;a [kM+k gSA ¹i\"` B 39 ¼36½ ij tkjhº ;g vkuUn dh o+Qher ij èku inS k djus dh dMh+ e'kDo+ Q+ r eas yxk gvq k g-S --A ;jw kis dh oreZ ku lH;rk dh eq[; egÙokdka{kk ;gh gS fd 'kSrku ij mlh dk ,dN=k vfèkdkj gksA iw¡thoknh lekt ¶jktuhfrd vFk'Z kkL=k dh lcls cMh+ lPpkbZ ;g gS fd gj dkbs Z ;FkklEHko de ls de R;kx djds O;fDrxr lEink çkIr dj ysuk pkgrk gSA¸ ¶uklkm lhfu;j¸ 1 i`\"B 40 ¼37½ èkeZ ds ckjs esa dkyZ ekDlZ dk n`f\"Vdks.k euq\"; èkeZ dks cukrk gS_ èkeZ euq\"; dks ugha cukrkA èkeZ okLro esa] euq\"; dh gh vkReprs uk vkjS vkReHkkouk g]S ftlus ;k rks vHkh rd viuvs ki dks ik;k ugha gS] ;k (;fn viusvki dks ik;k Hkh gS rks) viusvki dks fiQj ls [kks fn;k gSA ysfdu vkneh dksbZ ,slh vewrZ lÙkk ugha gS tks nqfu;k ls ckgj dgha ikyFkh ekjs cSBh gqbZ gksA euq\"; dh nqfu;k euq\";ksa] jkT;] lekt dh nqfu;k gSA ;g jkT;] ;g lekt èkeZ iSnk djrk gS] ,d mYVh fo'o psruk iSnk djrk gS] D;ksafd ;s [+kqn ,d mYVh nqfu;k gSA èkeZ blh nqfu;k dk ,d lkekU;hÑr fl¼kUr gS] bldk fo'odk's kh; lkj&lxa gz g]S ,d ykds fç; :i eas bldk rdZ g-S --A blfy, èkeZ ds fo#¼ la?k\"kZ ml nqfu;k ds fo#¼ ,d çR;{k vfHk;ku gS ftldh vkfRed lqxUèk èkeZ gSA ¹i\"` B 41 ¼38½ ij tkjhº 1- uklkm fofy;e lhfu;j (1790&1864) % vaxzst+ vFkZ'kkL=kh 590 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

èkeZ mRihfM+r çk.kh dh vkg gS] ,d ân;ghu nqfu;k dk vglkl gS] Bhd oSls gh tSlsfd ;g vkReghu n'kkvksa dh vkRek gSA ;g turk ds fy, vi+Qhe gSA yksx okLro esa rc rd lq[kh ugha gks ldrs tc rd fd os èkeZ dk mUewyu dj] blds feF;k lq[k ls futkr ugha ik ysrsA ;g vis{kk fd yksx bl ejhfpdk ls viusvki dks Lo;a viuh gh n'kk dh [k+kfrj eqDr djsa] ;g vis{kk gS fd os ml n'kk dk gh R;kx djsa ftls bl ejhfpdk dh t+:jr gksrh gSA vkykspuk dk gfFk;kj gfFk;kjksa dh vkykspuk dk LFkku ugha ys ldrkA HkkSfrd 'kfDr;ksa dks fuf'pr :i ls HkkSfrd 'kfDr;ksa }kjk gh m[kkM+ iQsadk tkuk pkfg,_ ysfdu fl¼kUr Hkh tc tuleqnk;ksa esa jp&cl tkrk gS] rks ,d HkkSfrd 'kfDr cu tkrk gSA1 i`\"B 42 ¼39½ ØkfUr ;wVksfi;kbZ ugha ,d vkewy ifjorZuoknh ØkfUr] ;kuh ekuotkfr dh vke eqfDr] teZuh ds fy, dksbZ ;wVksfi;kbZ LoIu ugha gS_ ;wVksfi;kbZ rks ,d vkaf'kd] ,d fo'kq¼ jktuhfrd ØkfUr dh èkkj.kk gksrh gS] tks (iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dh μ l-) bekjr ds [kEHkksa dks [kM+k NksM+ nsxhA2 ¶egku blfy, egku gSa D;ksafd ge ?kqVukas ij gSa vkvks mB [kM+s gksa!¸3 i`\"B 43 ¼40½ jkT; ds ckjs esa gcZVZ Lisalj4 dk n`f\"Vdks.k % ¶Hkys gh ;g lp gks ;k u gks fd euq\"; fu\"dyad iSnk gqvk vkSj iki esa lu x;k] ysfdu ;g fuf'pr :i ls lp gS fd ljdkj dk tUe vkØkedrk ls vkSj vkØkedrk ds }kjk gqvkA¸ 1- dkyZ ekDlZ] gsxsy ds U;k;&n'kZu dh lekykspuk dk ç;kl ls m¼`r 2- ogh 3- ewy esa ;s iafDr;k¡ i`\"B ij frjNs fy[kh gqbZ gSa 4- gcVZ Z Lilas j (1820&1903) % vxa tsz + nk'kfZ ud_ egÙoi.w kZ Ñfr;k¡ % n fçfa liYl vkiW Q+ lkbdksykth vkSj i+QLVZ ¯çfliYl 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 591

euq\"; vkSj euq\";tkfr % ¶eSa ,d euq\"; gw¡] vkSj mu lHkh pht+ksa ls esjk ljksdkj gS tks euq\";&tkfr dks çHkkfor djrh gAaS ¸ ¶jkseu ukVddkj¸ 1 baXyS.M dh fLFkfr dh leh{kk % ¶vPNs yksxks] baXyS.M esa fLFkfr;k¡ rc rd vPNh ugha gks ldrha] tc rd vPNkb;k¡ vke ugha gks tkrha] vkSj tc rd lTtu yksxksa ds lkFk nqtZu yksx Hkh cus jgrs gSaA os ftUgsa ge ykWMZ dgrs gSa] fdl vfèkdkj ls gels egku gSa\\ fdl vkèkkj ij os blds o+Qkfcy cus gq, gSa\\ os D;ksa gesa Hkw&nkl cuk;s gq, gSa\\ vxj ge lHkh ,d gh cki vkSj ek¡] vkne vkSj gOok dh lUrkusa gSa] rks os ;g dSls dgrs ;k lkfcr djrs gSa fd os gels egku ;k csgrj gSa\\ vxj os vius i+Qk;ns ds fy, gels esgur ugha djokrs rks os viuh 'kku&'kkSo+Qr esa D;k [k+pZ djrs\\ os [k+ nq rks e[ke+ y igurs gaS vkjS viuvs ki dks iQ+ jdkVs kas vkjS 'kkgh ycknkas ls xeZ j[krs g]aS tcfd ge fpFkMs+ yiVs s jgrs gAaS muds ikl rks 'kjkc] yth+ t+ [kkuk vkjS McyjksVh gS] vkSj gekjs ikl tbZ dh fyV~Vh] ?kklikr vkSj ikuhA muds ikl iQ+ jq lr gh iQ+ jq lr gS vkjS cf<;+ k ?kj Hkh] vkjS gekjs ikl gS rdyhiQ+ vkjS egs ur] [ksrksa esa ckfj'k vkSj vk¡èkh_ fiQj Hkh ;g gekjh esgur gh gS ftlds cwrs ij os jkt dj jgs gSaA ç+Qk;j vkWi+Q okWV VkbylZ fjcsy 2 i`\"B 44 ¼41½ ØkfUr vkSj oxZ lkjs ds lkjs oxZ lÙkk ikus dh dkfs 'k'k eas ØkfUrdkjh gh gkrs s g]aS vkjS lekurk dh ckrsa djrs gSaA vkSj lkjs ds lkjs oxZ tc lÙkk çkIr dj ysrs gSa rks ladh.kZrkoknh gks tkrs gSa vkSj eku ysrs gSa fd lekurk fli+QZ ,d jaxhu liukHkj gSA lkjs ds lkjs oxZ] fli+QZ ,d dks μ et+nwj oxZ dks NksM+dj] D;ksafd tSlkfd 1- vKkr 2- dqN 'kCn Li\"V ugha_ vkxs iUuk iQVk gqvk_ mijksDr 'kCn tkWu ckWy ds gSaA tkWu ckWy vkSj okWV VkbylZ baXyS.M esa gq, 1381 ds fdlku foæksg ds usrk FksA 592 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+

dkWErs1 us dgk gS] ¶lp dgk tk;s rks et+nwj oxZ ,d oxZ gksrk gh ugha] cfYd og rks lekt ds fudk; dk l?a kVd gkrs k gAS ¸ yfs du etn+ jw oxZ dk oDr+ ] ;kuh lHkh yksxksa ds ,d gks tkus dk oD+r vHkh Hkh ugha vk;k gSA ¶oYMZ fgLVªh i+QkWj odZlZ¸ i`\"B 47] vYç+QsM ckVZu Ñr 2 i`\"B 45 ¼42½ lj gsujh esu3 us dgk gS % ¶baXyS.M dh vfèkdka'k Hkwfe odhyksa dh x+yrh ls blds orZeku Lokfe;ksa ds gkFk esa pyh x;h gS μ ftu x+yfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i NksVs&NksVs vijkfèk;ksa dks Hkh iQk¡lh dh lt+k ns nh x;hA¸ ¶o+Qkuwu eqtfje o+Qjkj dj nsrk gS ml iq#\"k ;k L=kh dks tks pqjkrs gSa vke vkneh dh eq£x;k¡] ysfdu NksM+ nsrk gS cM+s vijkfèk;ksa dks tks pqjk ysrs gSa eq£x;ksa ls vke vkneh dks ghA¸4 i`\"B 46 ¼43½ turU=k turU=k] lS¼kfUrd rkSj ij] jktuhfrd vkSj o+Qkuwuh lekurk dh ,d ç.kkyh gSA ysfdu Bksl vkSj O;kogkfjd dkjZokbZ esa] ;g feF;k gS] D;ksafd dksbZ lekurk rc rd ugha gks ldrh] ;gk¡ rd fd jktuhfr esa vkSj o+Qkuwu ds le{k Hkh ugha] tc rd fd vk£Fkd 'kfDr esa vlekurk eq¡g ck;s cjo+Qjkj jgsxh_ tc rd fd lÙkkèkkjh oxZ et+nwjksa ds jkst+xkj ij] ns'k ds çsl vkSj Ldwyksa ij rFkk tuer rS;kj djus vkSj vfHkO;Dr djus ds lHkh lkèkuksa ij viuk vfèkdkj tek;s j[ksxk] tc rd fd ;g lHkh çf'kf{kr lkoZtfud dk;Zdkjh fudk;ksa ij viuk ,dkfèkdkj cuk;s j[ksxk] vkSj pqukoksa dks çHkkfor djus ds fy, cs'kqekj èku [k+pZ djrk jgsxk] tc rd fd o+Qkuwu lÙkkèkkjh oxZ 1- vkxLr dkWErs (1798&1857) % ç+Qkalhlh fopkjd 2- vU; fooj.k vuqiyC/ 3- lEHkor% fcfz V'k bfrgkldkj vkjS fofèkoÙs kk lj gus jh lej eus (1822&1888)] Hkkjr eas 1863 ls 1869 rd dkmfa ly ds lnL;] vkjS dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; ds okbl&pkla yj Hkh jgs 4- baXyS.M esa 19oha lnh esa ,d vKkr dfo ds }kjk fy[kh dfork dk va'k 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 593

}kjk cuk;s tkrs jgsaxs vkSj vnkyrksa esa blh oxZ ds lnL; vè;{krk djrs jgsaxs] tc rd odhy çkbosV çSfDV'kuj cus jgsaxs vkSj viuh fofèk fo'ks\"kKrk dk dkS'ky lcls vfèkd i+Qhl nsus okys dks csprs jgsaxs] rFkk vnkyrh dkjZokbZ rduhdh vkSj eg¡xh cuh jgsxh] rc rd o+Qkuwu ds le{k ;g ukeek=k dh lekurk Hkh ,d [kks[kyk et+ko+Q gh cuh jgsxhA ,d iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk esa] turU=k dh iwjh e'khujh cgqla[;d et+nwj oxZ dks ihfM+r dj] lÙkkèkkjh vYila[;d oxZ dks lÙkk esa cuk;s j[kus dk dke djrh gS] vkSj tc cqtqZvk ljdkj dks turkfU=kd laLFkkvksa ls [k+rjk eglwl gksrk gS] rc ,slh laLFkkvksa dks vDlj cM+h csjgeh ds lkFk dqpy fn;k tkrk gAS ¶ç+QkWe ekDlZ Vq ysfuu¸ (ekWfjl fgyfDoV 1 Ñr) (i`\"B 58) turU=k ¶gjsd oxZ ;k ikVhZ ls lEcfUèkr gjsd O;fDr ds fy, leku vfèkdkj vkSj lHkh jktuhfrd vfèkdkjksa esa Hkkxhnkjh¸ lqfuf'pr ugha djrk (dkmRLdh)A ;g rks ekStwnk vk£Fkd vlekurkvksa ds fy, [kqys jktuhfrd vkSj o+Qkuwuh [ksy dh vuqefr nsrk gS---A bl çdkj iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr turU=k lkekU;] vewrZ turU=k ugha] cfYd fof'k\"V cqtqZvk turU=k---;k tSlkfd ysfuu us bldk uke fn;k gS μ cqtqZvk oxZ ds fy, turU=k gksrk gSA2 i`\"B 47 ¼44½ ØkfUr 'kCn dh ifjHkk\"kk ¶ØkfUr dh voèkkj.kk dks bl 'kCn dh iqfyfl;k O;k[;k ds vFkZ esa] ;kuh l'kL=k foæksg ds vFkZ esa ugha ysuk pkfg,A ;fn fdlh ikVhZ ds ikl nwljs] de [kp+ hyZ ]s vkjS vi{s kkÑr vfèkd ljq f{kr rjhoQ+ s bLres ky djus dh xtaq kb'k g]S vkjS rc Hkh og fl¼kUr ds ukrs foæksg dk gh rjho+Qk viukrh gS] rks mls ikxy gh dgk tk;xs kA bl vFkZ e]as lkekftd tuokn dHkh Hkh fl¼kUr ds ukrs ØkfUrdkjh ugha jgkA ,slk ;g fli+QZ blh vFkZ esa gS fd ;g bl ckr dks ekurk gS fd tc bls jktuhfrd lÙkk gkfly gks tk;sxh] rks ;g bldk bLrseky orZeku O;oLFkk 1- ekWfjl fgyfDoV (1869&1933) % vesfjdh lektoknh 2- iSjs dk Ïksr vkSj lUnHkZ okyk fgLlk iQVk gqvkA lEHkor% ekWfjl fgyfDoV dh gh iqLrd ls m¼`r 594 @ Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+


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