2003 - Vol 2 - Reassessing the Management of National Parks in India - Biological Profiles of Individual PAs

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed Almost all ranges of first None PA occurred Scientifically not assessed .00 Harike Pond area Not known Displacement of Manual and mechanical removal with naturally occurring collaboration of the Army. This was species started in July 2000. 7 Keoladeo Chokes wetland In the last few years, very large scale 5 Keoladeo manual and mechanical eradication has Chokes wetland been carried out. Bhainsroadgarh Jamwa Ramgarh. Gradual In the last few years, very large scale degradation of manual and mechanical eradication has Widely distributed forest area. been carried out. Not Poor regeneration Nil recorded. of grass and other flora NA 65

Table 1.16: Occurren Note: All figures for area Is there infestation of weeds in the PA Sno PA code OLD DATA New Data 1998- PA Area Weed species Area affected b 1984-87 03 weeds RAJ/S/KELA Yes Tephresia 223 RAJ/S/KUM 608.56 Prosopis chilensis Yes RAJ/S/KUM No Lantana camara 1 224 RAJ/S/NAH Yes 52.40 Parthenium species Not recorded. 225 RAJ/S/PHU Yes (Congress grass). 226 RAJ/S/SAJJ Yes 511.41 RAJ/S/SAJJ No 5.19 Lantana camara 227 RAJ/S/SIT No 5.19 Prosopis juliflora Yes No 422.94 Pawad (Cassia tora) Yes RAJ/S/SIT YES No Lantana (Lantana 4 228 RAJ/S/TAL No camara) No 7.19 Vilayati Babool Yes (Prosopis juliflora). 229 RAJ/S/TOD NP 495.27 Not know 230 RAJ/S/VAN NP 25.6 231 SIK/N/KHA NP 232 SIK/S/BAR NP 1784.00 233 SIK/S/FAM 104.00 234 SIK/S/KYON 51.76 Eupatorium spp. 235 SIK/S/MAE 31.00 236 SIK/S/SHIN 35.34 237 TN/N/GUI 43.00 238 TN/N/GUL 2.8194 Prosopis juliflora 6.23 26

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed Widely distributed first Nil 50 Sadari, Desuri occurred Poor regeneration of grass and other NA flora Around 1960 Nil Sadri, Desuri, Uprooting has been carried out in small pockets but it quickly grows back. 100 Kumbhalgarh, Bokhara Around 1960 None Nahargarh. Not recorded. 4 Sajjangarh 1970 Negative impact on Annual eradication is carried out. 4 Sajjangarh grasslands None 5 All ranges Suppression of Slight eradication has been carried out grasses 5 All ranges 1965 Suppression of Slight eradication has been carried out grasses, causes Eradication of juliflora is in progress. 4.00 Tal Chhaper Sanctuary 1992 forest fires. It affects the growth of palatable grass. wn Not yet studied Removed manually 66

Table 1.16: Occurren Note: All figures for area Is there infestation of weeds in the PA Sno PA code OLD DATA New Data 1998- PA Area Weed species Area affected b TN/N/IND 1984-87 03 weeds 239 NP Yes 958.57 Lantana camara 50. TN/N/IND TN/N/IND NP Yes 958.57 Eupatorium g. 30. Parthenium 2 TN/N/IND NP Yes 2 NP Yes Mrcheria 240 TN/N/MUD 159. 321.00 Lantana 159. TN/N/MUD TN/N/MUD Eupatorium 3 TN/N/MUD Parthenium 3 TN/N/MUK Maimosa 0 241 TN/N/MUK 78.46 Wattle Ulex Europea 242 TN/S/CHI 0.48 Prosophis juliflora 243 TN/S/GRI NP Yes 477.83 Lantana camera 30. NP Yes TN/S/GRI Parthenaun sp 6 244 TN/S/KAN 1.04 Prosophis juliflora 0 245 TN/S/KARA NP Yes 4.53 0 246 TN/S/KARI NP N.A 0.65 Ipomia carnea 2 247 TN/S/KOO NP 1.20 248 TN/S/MEL NP Yes 5.93 249 TN/S/POIN 25.00 Prosophis Juliflora 250 TN/S/PUL NO Yes 61.47 Prosofis juliflora 251 TN/S/UDA NO Yes 0.44 Ipomia Marijuam 26

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed .00 All ranges first occurred .00 All ranges 2.00 All ranges The grassy patches and open area is 2.00 M'bolly, Valparai, reducing Ulandy Last 2 y Only in settlement .00 All area British .00 All Not evaluated Mas, Ker 1968 1965 Peacock increased Project launched 3.00 ? Long time fire increased Fire Rose finches food 3.00 During British Manual clearing period None 0.10 Chitrangudi Since Not much as only .00 Rajopaloyam, notification 20% is covered by srivilliputhur, saptur this 6.00 Saptur Degradation 0.75 Kanjarankulam From before Could be one None 1994 reason for birds not coming here 0.02 Not known Not known Manual uprooting 2.50 Not known Arrests natural Nil Tanjauur wild life regeneration of Manual removal native species Affects mangroves Silting 67

Table 1.16: Occurren Note: All figures for area Is there infestation of weeds in the PA Sno PA code OLD DATA New Data 1998- PA Area Weed species Area affected b 252 TN/S/VAD 1984-87 03 weeds 253 TN/S/VALL 254 TN/S/VED NP Yes 1.28 Ipomia Marijuana 0 255 TN/S/VELL NP Yes 16.41 Opuntia 256 TN/S/VET NO Yes 0.27 20 nos. of a climber (Name not known) NP 0.77 0 NP Yes 0.38 Prosopis juliflora 257 TRI/S/GUM NP Yes 389.59 Mikania (orolata) 194. TRI/S/GUM NP No Mikania scandans 194. 258 TRI/S/TRI Yes 194.70 259 UP/S/BAK 28.9421 Eichhornia Lantana (Lantana 260 UP/S/CHA Yes 96 camara) 20 261 UP/S/KAC No 7.00 25% of th 262 UP/S/KAI Yes 501 Lantana camara PA UP/S/KAI UP/S/KAI Cassia tora 20-25 % o the PA Parthenium 20% of th PA 26

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed 0.32 first Manually weeding out, not very effective occurred Silting of lake 1996 Disturbance for Physical removal done but has grown birds nesting on the again trees 0.24 Vettangudipatti & Since Increased over the None chinnakollngudi patti tanks notification in years & birds do not 1997 come for nesting .80 Tirthmukh 1988 .80 1988 0.5 Forage and habitat Chandra Prabha of birds are adversely affected. None Regeneration affected, grassland shrinkage, herbivore New management plan proposed for the Not known population declines area. he Hinderance in All ranges natural regeneration, of suppression of All ranges Not available palatable grasses he Suppression of All ranges N.A palatable grasses Suppression of palatable grasses 68

Table 1.16: Occurren Note: All figures for area Is there infestation of weeds in the PA Sno PA code OLD DATA New Data 1998- PA Area Weed species Area affected b 1984-87 03 weeds 263 UP/S/KAT Yes 400.09 Lantana Entire PA UP/S/KAT 400.09 Parthenium Entire PA 264 UP/S/LAK Yes 80.24 Ipomiea indica UP/S/LAK UP/S/LAK Water lettuce (Ristia UP/S/LAK stratiates) UP/S/LAK Ipomea aquatica 0 265 UP/S/MAH 266 UP/S/NAT Cyperus alulatus 0 267 UP/S/NAW Sespania spp. UP/S/NAW UP/S/NAW Yes 5.42 Lantana camara 1.21 UP/S/NAW Yes 635 Prosopis juliflora Yes 2.246 Ipomiea indica Cyprus aloporiodes Eichhornia crassips Playgonium lindatiun 0 26

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed A Entire PA first occurred A Entire PA 0.2 Lakh Bahosi It effects Physical uprooting is carried out. 0.5 Lakh Bahosi regeneration of important species 0.35 Lakh Bahosi and availability of 0.15 Lakh Bahosi fodder for wildlife. 0.2 Lakh Bahosi It effects Physical uprooting is carried out. regeneration of Lalitpur important species 20 Bah, Etah and availability of 0.2 Nawab Ganj fodder for wildlife. 0.2 Nawab Ganj 0.3 Nawab Ganj 1996 Manual eradication is carried out every 0.27 Nawab Ganj Since very Habitat degradation year. long. Since very Manual eradication is carried out every long. Habitat degradation year. Since very long. Manual eradication is carried out every Since very Habitat degradation year. long. Manual eradication is carried out every About 20 Habitat degradation year. years back. 1979 Manual eradication is carried out every Since very Habitat degradation year. long. Since very Ground flora is It was uprooted and burnt from 50 ha. long. suppressed last year. This has shown good results Since very as the weed has disappeared from that long. area. Since very long. Degradation of Manual eradication is carried out. habitat. Manual eradication is carried out. Manual eradication is carried out. Degradation of Manual eradication is carried out. habitat. Degradation of habitat. Degradation of habitat. 69

Table 1.16: Occurren Note: All figures for area Is there infestation of weeds in the PA Sno PA code OLD DATA New Data 1998- PA Area Weed species Area affected b 1984-87 03 weeds UP/S/NAW Zizania aquatica 0 268 UP/S/OKH 269 UP/S/PAT No 4 270 UP/S/RAN No 1.05 UP/S/RAN 25% of th Yes 220.41 Lantana camara PA area. Cassia tora 20-25% o the PA area. UP/S/RAN Van Tulsi 20% of th PA area. 271 UP/S/SAMN 272 UP/S/SAMS Yes 5.26 Prosopis julifora UP/S/SAMS Yes 7.99 Ipomea indica UP/S/SAMS UP/S/SAMS Eichharina crassips 273 UP/S/SAN UP/S/SAN Polygonium limbatum 0 UP/S/SAN UP/S/SAN Cyprus aloponoder 0 Yes 2.246 Ipomea Eichharina crassips Polygonium limbatum Cyprus aloponoder 27

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed 0.23 Nawab Ganj first Manual eradication is carried out. occurred Since very Degradation of long. habitat. he Not known Palatable grasses Uprooting and burning is carried out in Both ranges Not known are suppressed some areas depending on availability of Not known funds. of Palatable grasses Uprooting and burning is carried out in are suppressed some areas depending on availability of Both ranges funds. Palatable grasses he are suppressed, Uprooting and burning is carried out in Both ranges pungent smell some areas depending on availability of repels herbivores funds. 1 Saman Bird Sanctuary 1994-95 0.8 Samaspur Many years. Habitat Manual eradication is carried out. degradation. Manual eradication is carried out. 0.3 Samaspur Many years. Manual eradication is carried out. Habitat Manual eradication is carried out. 0.35 Samaspur Many years. degradation. Manual eradication 0.25 Samaspur Many years. Habitat degradation. 0.5 Sandi Bird Sanctuary 1995 Habitat degradation. Habitat degradation. 0.5 Sandi Bird Sanctuary Many years Habitat degradation Manual eradication. 0.7 Sandi Bird Sanctuary Many years. Habitat Manual eradication. degradation. 0.5 Sandi Bird Sanctuary Many years Habitat degradation Manual eradication. 70

Table 1.16: Occurren Note: All figures for area Is there infestation of weeds in the PA Sno PA code OLD DATA New Data 1998- PA Area Weed species Area affected b 1984-87 03 weeds 274 UP/S/SOH Yes 428.2 Lantana camara 2.00 Yes 275 UP/S/SUH No 452.472 Lantana camara 276 UP/S/SURA 34.329 Yes 277 UP/S/SURS YES Yes 7.13 Prosopis juliflora 1.05 278 UP/S/VIJ Yes 2.62 Ipomea 0 UP/S/VIJ 208. 279 UTT/N/COR No Water hyacinth 520.82 Lantana camara 52. UTT/N/COR Yes UTT/N/COR No Parthenium 26. 280 UTT/N/GAN No Yes Cannabis sativa Yes (Bhang) 2390.024 281 UTT/N+S/GOV NP 957.969 Rumex 282 UTT/S/ASK NO 599.93 283 UTT/S/BIN 47.07 284 UTT/S/BINO 3.3874 Kalabansa 285 UTT/S/KED 975.20 286 UTT/S/SON 301.1 Lantana camara Parthenium UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON Water hyacinth UTT/S/SON 301.1 Ipomia 27

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed Shivpur first All ranges occurred Not known Habitat degradation None Not known Adverse impact on fodder availability None Sur Sarovar Bird 1979 Adverse impact on Manual eradication is being carried out 3 Sanctuary 1995 birds. since last 2 years. 1994 Adverse impact on Mannual eradication is being carried out Vijay Sagar Bird unknown birds. since last 2 years. Sanctuary Decline in habitat of Weed eradication work is done every Vijay Sagar Bird unknown herbivores year in a limited area 0.25 Sanctuary .33 All ranges of the PA unknown Decline in habitat of Weed eradication work is done every herbivores year in a limited area .08 All ranges of the PA Decline in habitat of Weed eradication work is done every .04 All ranges of the PA herbivores year in a limited area All ranges in alpine 1997 Reduction in Uprooting was carried out last year in pastures where availability of 150 ha. and will carry on this year if 40 grazing takes place palatable species. funds are available. Throughout the PA Unknown Unknown in certain patches of the Ramganga Unknown reservoir in certain patches of Unknown the Ramganga reservoir 71

Table 1.16: Occurren Note: All figures for area Is there infestation of weeds in the PA Sno PA code OLD DATA New Data 1998- PA Area Weed species Area 287 WB/N/GOR affected b 1984-87 03 weeds NP Yes 79.45 Leea sp., 10. Eupatorium spp., Lantana camara Eupatorium 288 WB/N/NEO Yes 88 odoratum Very less WB/N/NEO Lantana camara Very less WB/N/NEO NP No Mikenia cordata Very less 289 WB/N/SUN NP Yes 2585.00 290 WB/S/BAL Yes 0 291 WB/S/BET No 2.02 Aquatic weed 0 Yes 0.67 Cassia tora, 292 WB/S/BIB NP No Ageratum conegeoides 0.64 293 WB/S/CHA 9.492 Lantana camara Not assessed WB/S/CHA Eupatorium spp. Not assessed WB/S/CHA Leea spp. Not 294 WB/S/HAL 5.95 assessed NP 27

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed .00 Garumara (S) & (N) first Proposal taken for leea uprooting of occurred plant at the time of flowering. Other weed should be removed by Oct. Not known Supression of fodder spp. Not taken yet Lower Neora Not known Very less not range/fringe area of Not known alarming east Neora and west Neora block Lower Neora range/fringe area of east Neora and west Neora block Lower Neora range/fringe area of east Neora and west Neora block 0.07 Water body 1991 In the water bodies Yearly, cleaning done 0.05 Entire PA Several It is within control Cleaning years and does not pose a serious threat. Supresses the Chapramari wildlife 2,3 fodder grasses and Eradication of weed and fodder d compartment Not known effects regeneration plantation in the infected areas. Supresses the Chapramari wildlife 2,3 fodder grasses and Eradication of weed and fodder d compartment Not known effects regeneration plantation in the infected areas. Supresses the Chapramari wildlife 2,3 fodder grasses and Eradication of weed and fodder d compartment Not known effects regeneration plantation in the infected areas. 72

Table 1.16: Occurren Note: All figures for area Is there infestation of weeds in the PA Sno PA code OLD DATA New Data 1998- PA Area Weed species Area affected b 1984-87 03 weeds 295 WB/S/LOT NP No 38.00 296 WB/S/RAI NP No 1.30 297 WB/S/RAM NO Nil 0.14 298 WB/S/SEN NP 38.88 27

nce of Weeds in PAs are in square kilometers Ranges New Data 1998-03 Management initiatives taken to by Year when Impact on the PA mitigate the problem the weed first occurred 73

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phenomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs 274

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 1 A&N/S/CUT PA Activity Affected Ra 2 A&N/S/NAR 3 A&N/S/NOR 5.82 Grazing 4 AP/N/MAH 6.81 Haring goats 3.48 AP/N/MAH 5 AP/N/VEN Sale of grass in the upto 1995 M area in the past Va AP/N/VEN before notification 10 Pa AP/N/VEN as a National Park 6 AP/S/COR 14.59 now stopped M AP/S/COR 14.59 Va 7 AP/S/ETU Location of From 1980 till AP/S/ETU Municipal Garbage date Ti AP/S/ETU dumping ground 10 RF AP/S/ETU adjacent to the Park Ch 25 RF 525.97 GRA, NTF, FEL Ba NTF 25 Ko FEL November 110 W 1996 November 1996 235 W 235.70 Cyclone Et Grazing, Tree Felling & Fishing O Habitation within & Et 803.00 around PA Cultivation OTH (AP Rayon Factory Fire 27

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Turtle breeding area Population decline, degradation, disturbance The sprouted seedling were eaten off resulting in reduced regeneration. Mahaveer Harina Grasslands To encourage grass area was reapeatedly anasthali National burned resulting in general degradation. ark Mahaveer Harina Forest and grass land Air, soil and water pollution effecting plant anasthali habitats and animal health irupati- Karakambadi F, Mamandur RF Forest Poor regeneration hamala- Nagapatla Forest Poor regeneration F, Talakona RF Forest Poor rageneration alapalli- Gungale ona,Vageti Kona WLM, Kakinada Wetland (Mangroves) Population in decline WLM, Kakinada All mangroves Degradation, poor regeneration turnagaram, Tadvai Forest wetland Loss of Habitat good low lying areas- grassland grassland were lost Forest Loss of Habitat On periphery Pollution & disturbance pressure on forest increased for fuel timber etc. turnagaram Most of PA is affected 75

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area AP/S/ETU PA Activity Affected Ra Grazing AP/S/ETU Pilgrimage During 75 8 AP/S/GUN 1194.00 FIR summer 716.4 To 9 AP/S/KAW 893.00 Cultivation In AP/S/KAW Cultivation Full year Ja AP/S/KAW Encroachments 0.3 Pe 10 AP/S/KOL 308.00 Cultural Full year AP/S/KOL 1976 El 11 AP/S/KOU 308.00 Pesci culture 1995, 1997, El 12 AP/S/KRI 357.63 Drought 1999 Pa 375.63 Ku 13 AP/S/MAN 194.21 Cyclone 1977 14 AP/S/PAK 194.21 Na Traditional fishing From the AP/S/PAK by the local beginning 20 M AP/S/PAK 20.00 fishermen Ko an Habitation within Ko 860.00 PA an Ko Habitation around Na PA Cultivation 27

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Disturbance food competition otal area of PA Most of the area ndanpally, Birsaipet around habitation annaram, Kaddam Deciduous Forest & Distur. about 40lakh people visit the embi Wetland and Riparian Sammakka-Saralamma festival at Medaram luru zone of Jampanna in PA once in 2yr in Feb. Vagu Degradation, Changes in Forest habitat/vegetation/forest types Forest have been degraded. Dry deciduous mixed type forests, mainly teak dominated with mixed miscellaneous and understorey. Wetlands Degradation luru Wetland Degradation alamaner and Poor regeneration, Proliferation of hardy uppam Range species/weeds Mangrove Forest Wet Population decline, Degradation, Changes agayalanka Land in habitat/vegetation/forest types Manjira Wetland Disturbance to birds Forests, wetland, Loss of habitat, good low lying areas othaguda, Narsampet grassland grassland were lost. nd Gudur Forest wet land grass Loss of habitat, good low lying areas land grassland were lost. othaguda, Narsampet nd Gudur Forest Loss of habitat othaguda, assampet and Gudur 76

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area AP/S/PAK PA Activity Affected Ra AP/S/PAK Fire Ko AP/S/PAK 15 AP/S/PAP Grazing Ko 16 AP/S/POC Pilgrimage W AP/S/POC Podu cultivation 20 Po AP/S/POC 590.68 and illicit felling AP/S/POC 130.00 Erosion AP/S/POC Fire 18 Po 17 AP/S/PRA Grazing 32 Po AP/S/PRA NTFP collection 30 Po 18 AP/S/PUL Tree felling 35 Po AP/S/PUL Cultivation 1972 3 Ch 2 Ni Cultivation 1972 Development 200 No project and 1970 2 So 600.00 Habitation onwards Industries 1980-90 19 AP/S/SIW 29.81 Grazing 27

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact othaguda and Gudur Disturbance Most of the PA is othaguda and Gudur affected. Food competition Most of the area around the habitation. Whole sanctuary Forests Population decline, Proliferation of hardy ocharam Forest species/weeds Degradation and Poor regeneration ocharam Forest ocharam Forest Poor regeneration, Changes in ocharam Forest habitat/vegetation/forest types and Proliferation of hardy species/weeds ocharam Forest Degradation and Poor regeneration Extinction and Degradation Extinction, Degradation and Poor regeneration Forest (Dry deciduous Destruction of habitat causes the reduction hennur mixed forests) of fodder for herbivores ilwai Forest (Dry deciduous Destruction of habitat causes the reduction forest) of fodder for herbivores orthern Lake Wetland Reduction of flow of water outhwest Corner Village site Environment pollution grassland ecosystem Degeneration of biodiversity, Compaction and hardening of Soil, Slow regrowth, dissapearence of organisms like earthworms, butterflies etc from the grazing area. 77

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 20 ARU/N/MOU 21 ARU/N/NAM 483.00 Landslide, Erosion Every year Exact area not Miao-Vijoynagar calculated, 1985.25 Road Project but very common along the banks of rivers and steams. M Ra pa 4.5 m ARU/N/NAM Settlement of Lisu 4.45 Al people from ARU/N/NAM adjoining Myanmar. 1996 4.27 M 22 ARU/S/DER Chakma settlers. 1964 30 Al ARU/S/DER 142.5 Al 190.00 Flood and Erosion Regular ARU/S/DER Fire (burning) Regular Al 23 ARU/S/MEH 0.01 M Grazing and NTFP Regular 0.01 M ARU/S/MEH 190.00 collection Every year 0.01 M ARU/S/MEH 281.50 Floods Every year Every year Landslide Erosion 27

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Miao and Gandhigram Tree land in steep Lasting canopy gap in the forest. More anges. The road hilly areas, grass workers means more disturbance for fuel asses through the lands on river banks. and other NTFP. Fragmentation of habitat middle of the PA. Forests and Wetlands. ll the ranges. Forest, grassland and Population decline, change in habitat, wetland. They hunt proliferation of weeds. The total rainforest Miao wildlife range. animals, clear the ecosystem gets disturbed. forest for cultivation, ll ranges carry out fishing in the ll ranges wetlands, collect timber and NTFP ll ranges Mehao Forest and wetland. Population decline, change in habitat, Mehao proliferation of weeds. The total rainforest Mehao ecosystem gets disturbed. Grasslands and Degradation of habitat, loss of wildlife Forest Degradation of habitat, loss of wildlife Grassland Forest & Grassland Impact negligible Forest Forest Forest 78

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra ARU/S/MEH Development 1980 ARU/S/MEH project 1999 0.98 M ARU/S/MEH Fire (burning) Every year 3M Grazing Time ARU/S/MEH immemorial 20 M Habitation Time ARU/S/MEH immemorial 9.8 M NTFP collection Time ARU/S/MEH immemorial 98 M ARU/S/MEH Cultivation 1964 ARU/S/MEH Tree felling 1980 30 M ARU/S/MEH Tourism 1996 0.2 M Pilgrimage 0.3 M 0M 24 ASS/N/DIB 340.00 Floods Annual 340 G ASS/N/DIB Erosion Annual Unknown G ASS/N/DIB Grazing Annual 32.5 G ASS/N/DIB Habitation Since 1956- ASS/N/DIB Tree felling 57 1G Every year Unknown G ASS/N/DIB Cultivation ASS/N/DIB NTFP collection Every year 1G Every year Unknown G 25 ASS/N/KAZ 407.90 Flood Every year 280 Al ASS/N/KAZ Erosion Every year Fire (Controlled Banks along ASS/N/KAZ Burning) ASS/N/KAZ Tourism the Brahmaputr a river Al Every year 262 Al Every year 15 Al 27

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Mehao Forest Mehao Forest Mehao Forest Mehao Forest Mehao Forest Mehao Forest Mehao Forest Mehao Forest Mehao Forest Guijan and Saikhowa All types Degradation, changes in Guijan and Saikhowa All types habitat/Vegetation/forest types, loss of land Guijan and Saikhowa Grassland heavy siltation Degradation, Loss of area and vegetation Degradation, Poor regeneration Guijan Forest Degradation Guijan and Saikhowa Degradation Grassland Degradation, Poor regeneration, changes Guijan and Saikhowa Grassland in habitat/vegetation/forest type Guijan and Saikhowa Mainly grassland and Negligible wetland ll the ranges Degradation, Poor regeneration ll the ranges Tree forest and Degradation, Poor regeneration grassland Poor regeneration for other than grasses ll the ranges ll the ranges Mainly grassland Negligible 79

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 26 ASS/N/MAN Grazing, ASS/N/MAN Cultivation, Tree ASS/N/MAN 27 ASS/N/NAME 519.77 Felling 1989 10* Bh 28 ASS/N/ORA Grazing, 1989 8* Pa ASS/N/ORA Cultivation, Tree ASS/N/ORA Felling ASS/N/ORA ASS/N/ORA Grazing, 15* Ba 29 ASS/S/BAR Cultivation, Tree ASS/S/BAR Felling, (Nat ASS/S/BAR cultivation) ASS/S/BAR ASS/S/BAR 200 30 ASS/S/BUR ASS/S/BUR 78.80 Flood Every year 50 O Erosion Every year 2.5 O Grazing Every year 5O Ne Tree felling bo Ne NTFP collection Every year bo 26.21 Grazing (out of 20) Prior to 1990 10 Pl Habitation, Grazing, Since 1989 26.21 Cultivation and ongoing 6 Pl Tree felling 9 Hi NTFP collection 20 Fire 11 44 Floods 1998 Bu 40.02 Ra Erosion Every year Bu 0.05 Ra 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact huiyanpara Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types, anbari Forests & Grasslands population decline. Forests and Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types, Grassland population decline ansbari Forests and Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types, Grasslands population decline Orang Wetland, grassland Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types Forest, grassland, Extinction, Population decline Orang wetland Extinction, Degradation, Poor regeneration Grassland Negligible Orang egligible. Along the Forest, grassland Disease oundary of the PA Forest, grassland Extinction egligible. Along the Forest Degradation oundary of the PA lain areas lain areas ills and plain areas urachapori Wildlife Grassland and ange wetland urachapori Wildlife Forest ange 80

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area ASS/S/BUR PA Activity Every year Affected Ra ASS/S/BUR Grazing Every year ASS/S/BUR Habitation Every year Bu ASS/S/BUR Cultivation Every year 20.04 Ra ASS/S/BUR NTFP collection Every year Felling Bu 31 ASS/S/EKAR 0.03 Ra 32 ASS/S/GAR Bu ASS/S/GAR 10.02 Ra 33 ASS/S/GIB Bu 34 ASS/S/KAR 30.2 Ra 35 ASS/S/LAO Bu ASS/S/LAO 2.01 Ra ASS/S/LAO Grazing, cultivation, habitation, tree 221.81 felling Development activity (approach road to bridge over Nambor river on NH- Ne 0.028 sp 6 39) 1994 10 E. Grazing 50 Grazing, Tree 1970 20 So 19.16 felling 20 So 96 70.10 Floods Every year Grazing Every year Cultivation Seasonal in every year ASS/S/LAO Tree felling Every year 20 Th ASS/S/LAO 1960 50 No Development project (Dyke) 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Grassland urachapori Wildlife Grassland The activities have resulted in some ange Grassland deforestation, which inturn has affected the Forest habitat of fauna. urachapori Wildlife Forest ange urachapori Wildlife ange urachapori Wildlife ange urachapori Wildlife ange Forest ear Garampani hot Forest Deforestation and resultant change in pring habitat. .W.N.S.C. Forest Degradation, Poor regeneration outhern part of PA Forest, grasslands, Flood tolerant species wetlands Degradation Grasslands Change in habitat/vegetation/forest types, outhern part of Dyke Grasslands Proliferation of hardy species/weeds hroughout the PA Forest Population decline, Proliferation of hardy species/weeds, Degradation, Poor orthern part of the PA Grasslands regeneration Population decline, Degradation, Poor regeneration 81

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 36 ASS/S/NAMB 37 Grazing 37 ASS/S/PAN 33.93 Flood 33.93 ASS/S/PAN Grazing Every year 33.93 38 ASS/S/POB 16.00 Flood 16 En Pa ASS/S/POB Grazing Every year 6.8 Ta ASS/S/POB Sangai project Every year 1 Ju ASS/S/POB Siltation 1996 Ta 39 ASS/S/SON 220.00 Habitation 1996 5.9 Ce ASS/S/SON Tree felling 1997 ASS/S/SON Cultivation Dh 40 BIH/S/RAJ 35.84 Grazing Regularly 30 Ra BIH/S/RAJ Fire 12 Ra BIH/S/RAJ Tourism 1 Ra 41 CHD/S/SUK Drought, Erosion, 26.11 Dams. Ka 42 CHT/N/IND In 2799.09 Grazing Annual 559.82 vil CHT/N/IND In NTFP Collection Annual 559.82 vil 43 CHT/N/KAN 200.00 Cultivation Since 1987 3 Bo CHT/N/KAN Habitation Since 1987 0.7 Bo 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Forest Grazing has resulted in some deforestation, which inturn has affected the habitat of ntire Grassland fauna. agladova, Noltoli, Degradation and Changes in amuldova Grassland habitat/vegetation/forest types ugdol Grassland Degradation and Changes in amuldova, Jugdol Wetland habitat/vegetation/forest types entral Range Forest Degradation, Poor regeneration hekiajuli Range Grassland, forest Grass growth stunted ajgir Grassland, forest Regeneration of Albizia procerea ajgir Forest Water scarcity during dry months ajgir Degradation, Poor regeneration Forest ansal and Nepli Degradation and poor regeneration. n the pheriphrey of Grasslands Degradation and poor regeneration. llages Degradation. n the pheriphery of Forest llages Degradation oth the ranges Forest Degradation Population decline, Degradation, Poor oth the ranges Forest regeneration, Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types, Proliferation of hardy species/ weeds Population decline, Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types, Proliferation of hardy species/ weeds 82

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area CHT/N/KAN PA Activity Affected Ra Since a long CHT/N/KAN NTFP Collection time 40 Bo CHT/N/KAN Fire (Burning) Since a long 60 Bo CHT/N/KAN time Bo CHT/N/KAN Tree felling Since a long CHT/N/KAN Bamboo and time 20 Bo CHT/N/KAN bamboo shoots 10 Bo CHT/N/KAN cutting Since a long 44 CHT/S/ACH time Grazing Since a long CHT/S/ACH time 45 CHT/S/BAD Tourism Since 1984 Bo CHT/S/BAD Fishing by tribals Since a long Bo time 30 Bo CHT/S/BAD 80 Al 46 CHT/S/GOM OTH (Fuelwood Since a long extraction) time 300 Al Development (PWD Co 12 33 551.55 Road) Since 1978 Co Habitation (22 Since before 6 33 forest villages in the creation of Co 6 33 PA) the PA 104.45 Habitation Since before creation of the PA Cultivation Since before creation of the PA Felling Since before 277.82 creation of the PA 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact oth the ranges Forest Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types oth the ranges Forest Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes oth the ranges Forest in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types, Proliferation of hardy species/ weeds oth the ranges Forest Degradation, Poor regeneration, oth the ranges Forest Proliferation of hardy species/ weeds oth the ranges Forest oth the ranges Forest Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes oth the ranges Forest in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types ll the three ranges Forest Degradation, Poor regeneration, Proliferation of hardy species/ weeds Cave structure in the PA is being broken, blackened and scratched Degradation Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types OTHERS (Noise pollution and disturbance to wild animals) ll the three ranges Forest OTHERS (Human impact on biodiversity) ompartment numbers Disturbance to wildlife and possibility of encroachment and hunting 39, 363, 365, 371 Forest Disturbance to wildlife and possibility of ompartment numbers encroachment and hunting 39, 363, 365, 371 Forest Forest villagers do felling to collect honey, NTFP from Sal and to hunt birds ompartment numbers 39, 363, 365, 371 Forest 83

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 47 CHT/S/PAM PA Activity Annual Affected Ra CHT/S/PAM Annual 48 CHT/S/SIT 442.23 Grazing 132.67 Pa CHT/S/SIT NTFP Collection 132.67 Pa CHT/S/SIT 558.55 Grazing Annual Ri 49 CHT/S/TAM Fire (Burning) 140 Ra Tree Felling CHT/S/TAM Annual Ri CHT/S/TAM 608.53 Fire (Burning) 0.35 Ra 50 DEL/S/ASO DEL/S/ASO Grazing Annual Ri DEL/S/ASO NTFP Collection 55.8 Ra 51 GOA/S/BON 27.81 Grazing GOA/S/BON Mining Since before G GOA/S/BON NTFP Collection creation of 210 Pi GOA/S/BON 7.95 Erosion the PA Grazing GOA/S/BON Habitation Since before G 52 GOA/S/CHO creation of 32 Pi 53 GUJ/N/BAN Tourism the PA Pilgrimage 1990 G 1.80 Tree felling 1986 593 Pi 23.99 Fire (Burning) 1986 1986 9 As 4 As 10 As During Valleys Ca monsoons Po Peripheral Not monitored areas 1978 1 Bo onwards 1978 2 Ec onwards Annual (one 2 Si day every 0.1 Ca year) 1991-93 1994/95 to 0.62 Ba 1998/99 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact amed Grassland Degradation amed Forest Degradation Degradation isgaon and Sitanadi Grasslands Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types ange Forest, around Degradation Mahua trees isgaon and Sitanadi Degradation and poor regeneration ange Forest Degradation and poor regeneration isgaon and Sitanadi Degradation and poor regeneration ange Degradation, poor regeneration Degradation, poor regeneration Game Range Tamor Grassland Degradation, poor regeneration ingla Degradation Poor regeneration Game Range Tamor Grassland Degradation ingla Proliferation of hardy species Forest Game Range Tamor Forest ingla Forest sola Forest sola sola atchment of streams Forest onda, Valpoi, Collem Forest ondla zoo Forest co tourism zone Forest iddha shrine Forest Degradation ampal Mangrove forest Degradation ansda national park Dry leaves, grass were burnt 84

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra GUJ/N/BAN Tree felling 1994/98 to 0.62 Ba GUJ/N/BAN 1998/99 0.62 Ba GUJ/N/BAN OTH (17 offence 0.62 Ba were registered) 1994/95 to 54 GUJ/S/PUR 1998/99 55 GUJ/S/RAT Grazing (9 cases were registered) 1994/95 to GUJ/S/RAT 1998/99 GUJ/S/RAT GUJ/S/RAT Fire(Burning), Tree Occasional Whole area Ka GUJ/S/RAT 160.35 felling and Grazing Ka 1986-87-88, Part of the Ka 56 GUJ/S/WIL 55.65 Drought 2000, 2001 area Ka Ka 57 HAR/S/ABU Drought Every year Part of the area Fire Every year Part of the NTFP collection Every year area Habitation Every year Part of the area 4953.71 Salt production Continuously Dh 113.97 CUL since 1873 297.21 Ad Since before Da the declaration of the sanctuary. 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ansda national park Illicit cutting of 127 cmt. Value of damage was Rs. 308011/- ansda national park ansda national park Under growth and occasional reports of firewood extraction. anjeta Forest Poor regeneration, degradation anjeta Forest Poor regeneration, degradation anjeta Forest Poor regeneration, degradation anjeta Forest Poor regeneration, degradation anjeta Forest Poor regeneration, degradation Negative hrangadhra, Bajana, Open desert land and desar. creek area at Surajbari abwali range 85

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra HAR/S/ABU Since before FEL the Da HAR/S/ABU declaration of 58 HAR/S/BIRB TOU the Da 59 HAR/S/CHIL 4.14 FEL sanctuary. 6 Bi 60 HAR/S/SAR 61 HP/N/GRE Cultivation around Since before 0.28 the wetland the HP/N/GRE declaration of HP/N/GRE the HP/N/GRE sanctuary. HP/N/GRE 1999 HP/N/GRE 62 HP/S/DAR Grazing, Cultivation En 44.02 and Others 905.40 Human habitation From posterity Sa Cultivation of PA Jiw From Sa Posterity Jiw Grazing of livestock From posterity Sa Sa Fodder Collection From posterity Jiw Sa Hab collection non From posterity Jiw w From Sa Fuel/Timber Posterity Jiw extraction with coming of fi 2 Do 46.59 Fire(Burning) Annual 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact abwali range abwali range Tree Felling in forests Population decline and poor regeneration ir Bara Ban Jind Wetland Degradation of the habitat ntire range New seedlings are impacted heavily. The PA is situated in an area that is heavily impacted by human interference. ainj,Tivthan and Forest,Grassland Degradation of forest cover gacessiue use wanal Forest,Grassland of grasses,MFP,etc. ainj,Tirthan and Forest,Grassland wanal Forest,Grassland Degradation of forest cover gacessiue use Forest,Grassland of grasses,MFP,etc. ainj,Tirthan,Jiwanal ainj,Tirthan and Degradation of forest cover gacessiue use wanal of grasses,MFP,etc. ainj,Tirthan and wanal Degradation of forest cover gacessiue use of grasses,MFP,etc. Degradation of forest cover gacessiue use of gras ainj,Tirthan and Forest,Grassland Degradation of forest cover gacessiue use wanal of grasses,MFP,etc. ofda Degradation, Changes in habitat/ Forest around villages vegetation/ forest types 86

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra HP/S/DAR 63 HP/S/DHA Grazing Annual 3 Do 943.98 Fire (burning) Annual 1 Bi HP/S/DHA HP/S/DHA Grazing Annual 350 W HP/S/DHA So HP/S/DHA Habitation Annual PA HP/S/DHA No 64 HP/S/GAM NTFP collection Annual HP/S/GAM 70 of HP/S/GAM Cultivation Annual So HP/S/GAM PA HP/S/GAM Tree felling Annual So HP/S/GAM 65 HP/S/KAI Landslide and Annual 350 PA 66 HP/S/KAL 109.00 erosion Annual La Annual HP/S/KAL Grazing Annual 0.03 Sa Habitation 30 Bh HP/S/KAL Cultivation 3.5 Bh HP/S/KAL 6 Bh Tree felling(Timber Annual demand) Annual 2 Bh Pilgrimage 30 Bh 12.61 2 Ka Grazing (Traditional 4.7 Ka 69.47 right) Annual 4.7 Ka Tree felling (Timber demand, 0.25 Ka Traditional right) Annual OTH (Charcoal Annual making, Traditional right) Habitation Annual 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Forest around villages Degradation, Changes in habitat/ ofda and Alpine pastures vegetation/ forest types ir and Keori beats Forest Poor regeneration Whole range Forest and Grassland Degeradation, poor regeneration outhern part of the Forest Degeradation, poor regeneration A Grassland Degeradation orth and North East Forest f the PA Changes in hanbitat/Vegetation/Forest types outhern part of the A Forest Poor regeneration outhern part of the Forest Minimal loss of vegetation A Grassland and forest Slight impact Private land No impact angrea, Beer, Private land No impact angani beats handal handal handal handal Forest No impact handal Forest and grassland No impact alatop-Khajjiar Forest and Poor regeneration grasslands alatop-Khajjiar Forest None alatop-Khajjiar Forest None alatop-Khajjiar Private lands Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types 87

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area HP/S/KAL PA Activity Annual Affected Ra HP/S/KAL Cultivation (Private Annual 1 Ka HP/S/KAL land) Annual 67 HP/S/KAN 1 Ka 68 HP/S/KHO Development Annual 69 HP/S/KUG projects (PWD Auunal 0.2 Ka HP/S/KUG road) 340.98 En HP/S/KUG Tourism and HP/S/KUG pilgrimage 0.5 Ar HP/S/KUG 58.18 M 19.35 Dh HP/S/KUG 378.87 Grazing HP/S/KUG 189.44 vil 70 HP/S/LIP Habitation & HP/S/LIP Cultivation 19.39 Al 71 HP/S/MAN NTFP Collection Annual 2 Ar 72 HP/S/PON HP/S/PON Tourism & Annual 0.5 Fr HP/S/PON Pilgrimage So Annual Tree felling(Timber 37.89 th demand) 1970s Sa onwards Sa Development project (Road from Hadsar to Kugti) OTH (Glaciers) Annual 30.89 Grazing Every year Every year NTFP Collection 29.00 307.70 OTH (Fishing) Annual 307.7 En OTH (Water sports) Annual 2 Cultivation on edge Annual of lake 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact alatop-Khajjiar Private lands Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types alatop-Khajjiar PWD land Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types alatop-Khajjiar Revenue, forest land Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types ntire PA Forests & grasslands Poor regeneration, OTH (Soil degradation) round kugti Forests Negligible Mostly Hal and Heg Forests & Grasslands Negligible har and around Kugti Forest & Grasslands llage Forests OTH (Noise, disturbance and accumulation of solid waste) long trek routes Population decline, OTH (Noise & round Kugti village Disturbance) rom Hadsar to Kugti Forests & Grasslands Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types, OTH (Soil erosion) outh & South East of Forest & Grasslands he PA. Grassland Population decline (Uprooting & Breaking angla Grassland of trees), land slips. angla Degradation Degradation ntire PA Wetland Population decline (Diving Birds get caught Wetland in fishing nets), general disturbance General disturbance Wetland Nesting or feeding of some birds gets disturbed. 88

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 73 HP/S/RUP PA Activity Affected Ra HP/S/RUP 269.15 Fire Annual 10 Ru 74 HP/S/SAN Grazing Annual 100 Ru HP/S/SAN HP/S/SAN 650.00 Grazing Annual 650 Sa HP/S/SAN HP/S/SAN NTFP Collection Annual 487.5 Sa 75 HP/S/SHI HP/S/SHI OTH (Fuel and Annual 325 Sa HP/S/SHI fodder extraction) Annual 325 Sa 76 HP/S/TUN Timber Demand Annual HP/S/TUN Habitation Sa HP/S/TUN 90.37 Floods 1999 3 Ka HP/S/TUN HP/S/TUN Erosion 1999 3 Ka HP/S/TUN HP/S/TUN Grazing 1999 50 Ka 64.00 Grazing Annual 57.6 En Habitation and Annual Tu Cultivation Annual 15 be NTFP Collection 46 En Tourism and Annual Ba pilgrimage Annual Tu Annual Bh Tree felling(Timber 6.4 tre demand) To 10 be Development project (Road) 0.2 Ba OTH (Glaciers) Annual 5 Ba 28

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact upi+Bhaba Degradation, Changes in the habitat/ Forest around villages vegetation/ forest types upi+Bhaba Forest around villages Degradation, Changes in the habitat/ angla & Alpine Pastures vegetation/ forest types angla Grasslands and Poor regeneration. Saplings and seedlings angla alpine pastures get eaten. angla angla Grasslands and Poor regeneration. Roots are removed. alpine pastures arsog Forests and Poor regeneration due to excessive arsog Grasslands lopping. arsog Forests Population decline. ntire PA undah & Badgran Forests Cause fire in the forest occasionally eats ntire PA Forest Change in habitat/Vegetation/ forest types anni, Badgran, undah beats and Forest Change in habitat/Vegetation/ forest types hadra, along the ekpaths in the PA. Forest Change in habitat/Vegetation/ forest types ondah, Badgran eats Forest and grassland OTH (soil degradation) adgran beat Forest Negligible Forest, grassland Negligible anni, Bhadra beats Grassland OTH (noise, disturbance and accumulation Forest of solid wastes) Grassland Forest and grassland Population decline, OTH (noise and disturbance) Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types, OTH (soil erosion) Population decline (Uprooting & Breaking of trees), land slips. 89

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 77 J&K/N/HEM PA Activity Affected Ra J&K/N/HEM J&K/N/HEM 3350 Floods Annual M J&K/N/HEM 10 Ch Grazing Annual 78 J&K/N/KIS Annual M J&K/N/KIS Habitation and 50 Ch cultivation M Tourism Annual 550 Ch Development M projects ('Budsar 20 Ch hydel electric project is under 10% of the Si consideration with area of the government of PA 7% India. Survey has in 425.00 been completed) 10% of the area of the Soil erosion PA J&K/N/KIS Grazing Si 79 J&K/S/CHA 4000 Floods Annual 100 Bo J&K/S/CHA Development J&K/S/CHA projects (roads) Annual 810 km. Tourism Annual J&K/S/CHA (length) Bo Army Annual J&K/S/CHA Cultivation and 200 Bo habitation Annual 600-700 Bo 20.64 Bo 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Negligible Markha, Rumbak, Grassland Negligible hilling, Kaya Negligible Grassland Negligible Markha, Rumbak, Forest, grassland, hilling, Kaya barren areas. Markha, Rumbak, Grassland hilling, Kaya Markha, Rumbak, hilling, Kaya irch and Kishtwar % in Sirchi range 3% Due to over grazing in Due to over grazing in the upper reaches, n Kishtwar range. the upper reaches, there is problem of regeneration in forest there is problem of area. irch and Kishtwar regeneration in forest Degradation oth ranges area. Barren area oth ranges Barren area Degradation oth ranges All types Pollution, degradation oth ranges All types Pollution, population decline, degradation, poor regeneration. oth ranges All types Degradation 90