2003 - Vol 2 - Reassessing the Management of National Parks in India - Biological Profiles of Individual PAs

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 18 ASS/N/KAZ ASS/N/KAZ ASS/N/KAZ Lagenstroem Te Cedrela toona ia Parrijlora Be 19 ASS/N/MAN Lagenstroem Te ASS/N/MAN Cedrela toona ia Parrijlora Be ASS/N/MAN Lagenstroem Te 20 ASS/N/NAME Cedrela toona ia Parrijlora Be 21 ASS/N/ORA ASS/N/ORA ASS/N/ORA ASS/N/ORA ASS/N/ORA 22 ASS/S/BAR 23 ASS/S/BUR ASS/S/BUR ASS/S/BUR 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 erminalia T.Chebala ellariea T.Chebala T.Chebala erminalia ellariea erminalia ellariea 67

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 24 ASS/S/EKAR 25 ASS/S/GAR 221.81 Grazing, cultivation, habitation and tree felling 6 Grazing, development activity (approach road to bridge over Nambor r 26 ASS/S/GIB 19.16 Tree felling 1970 10.00 27 ASS/S/KAR 96 28 ASS/S/LAO 70.1 Tree felling Every year 15.00 ASS/S/LAO Floods Every year 50.00 ASS/S/LAO Grazing Every year 20.00 ASS/S/LAO Cultivation Every year 20.00 ASS/S/LAO Development projects (Dyke) 60-70 50.00 29 ASS/S/NAMB 37 Grazing 30 ASS/S/PAN 33.93 Floods Every year 33.93 Every year 33.93 ASS/S/PAN Grazing 16.00 31 ASS/S/POB 16 Tree felling 6.80 ASS/S/POB Grazing 1.00 ASS/S/POB Sangai Project 5.90 32 ASS/S/SON 220 Habitation 1996 5.90 ASS/S/SON Tree felling 1996 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 river on NH-39. Detailed surveys which are yet to be done, would only indicated the nature of im 0 N.S.E.W. In 1994, a part of the sanctuary was denotified. Subsequently, felling was carried Hollong Tita chapa Degradation, Poor (D.Mecrocarp Sam (M.Champac regeneration us) (A.Chaplesa) a) Sisoo Gasmari (Dalbugia sisoo) Korai (Allegia (Gmetira Grasses 0 Throughout the PA Poor regeneration, Others procera) arlorea) 0 Poor regeneration 0 Disease, Degradation, Poor 0 regeneration 0 Northern part of the PA Degradation, Population Grassland decline, Poor regeneration, degradation 3 Changes in 3 habitat/vegetation/forest types 0 Entire sanctuary 0 Pagladova, Noltol Tamulidova Degradation, Poor 0 Jugdol regeneration, Changes in Grassland 0 Central range habitat/vegetation/forest type degradation 0 Detailed surveys which are yet to be done, would only indicated the nature of im Extinction and changes in Ekra Phragnites habitat/vegetation/forest types kakra Extinction and changes in All grass habitat/vegetation/forest types species Degradation, Poor regeneration All grass species Growth stunted Propagation of hardy species Degradation Bonsum (Phoebagod parensis Degradation Amari (Amoorawalia hii) 68

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 24 ASS/S/EKAR Holock Sassi 25 ASS/S/GAR (T.Myriocarpa) (A.Agolocha) 26 ASS/S/GIB 27 ASS/S/KAR Ajar Simul (Lagerstomia) (Bombex 28 ASS/S/LAO ceila) ASS/S/LAO ASS/S/LAO ASS/S/LAO ASS/S/LAO 29 ASS/S/NAMB 30 ASS/S/PAN ASS/S/PAN 31 ASS/S/POB ASS/S/POB ASS/S/POB 32 ASS/S/SON ASS/S/SON 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 69

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected ASS/S/SON Cultivation 1997 5.90 33 BIH/S/RAJ Pilgrimage 2.00 35.84 30.00 BIH/S/RAJ Grazing 12.00 BIH/S/RAJ Fire 34 CHT/N/IND 2799.086 Grazing Annually 559.82 35 CHT/N/KAN 200 Cultivation Since 1987 3.00 CHT/N/KAN Habitation Since 1987 0.70 CHT/N/KAN NTFP Collection Since a long time 40.00 CHT/N/KAN Fire (Burning) Since a long time 60.00 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 Gamari Bogipoma(C Titasopa(Mic (Gmelina arobrea) hikrcassia heligchamd Bel (Aegle 0 Dhekiajuli range Degradation tabulariu as) 0 Rajgir Degradation 0 Rajgir Poor regeneration marmelos) 0 Rajgir Degradation Russ Spear grass(cymbo grass(Hetero pogon) pogon) All types of flora found in PA. 2 In the pheriphery of villages Degradation of grasslands All palatable 0 Both the ranges grass 0 Both the ranges Population decline, species 0 Both the ranges Degradation, Poor 0 Both the ranges regeneration, Changes in Teak Sal (Shorea habitat/ vegetation/ forest (Tectona types, Proliferation of hardy grandis) robusta) Climbers species/ weeds Teak Sal (Shorea Population decline, (Tectona Degradation, Poor grandis) robusta) Climbers regeneration, Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest Teak Sal (Shorea types, Proliferation of hardy (Tectona species/ weeds grandis) robusta) Climbers Degradation, Poor Teak Sal (Shorea regeneration, Changes in (Tectona habitat/ vegetation/ forest grandis) robusta) Climbers types Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types, Proliferation of hardy species/ weeds 70

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp ASS/S/SON Bhelu(Tetrame 33 BIH/S/RAJ les nudiflora) BIH/S/RAJ BIH/S/RAJ 34 CHT/N/IND 35 CHT/N/KAN Bamboo Bija (Pterocarpus Me marsupium) pla CHT/N/KAN Bamboo Bija (Pterocarpus Me CHT/N/KAN Bamboo marsupium) pla Bija (Pterocarpus Me marsupium) pla CHT/N/KAN Bamboo Bija (Pterocarpus Me marsupium) pla 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 edicinal Tubers Herbs Shrubs ants edicinal Tubers Herbs Shrubs ants Herbs Shrubs edicinal Tubers ants edicinal Tubers Herbs Shrubs ants 71

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected CHT/N/KAN Tree felling Since a long time CHT/N/KAN Bamboo and bamboo shoots Since a long time 20.00 CHT/N/KAN cutting 10.00 CHT/N/KAN CHT/N/KAN Grazing Since a long time Tourism Since 1984 Fishing by tribals Since a long time CHT/N/KAN OTH (Fuelwood extraction) Since a long time 30.00 300.00 36 CHT/S/ACH 551.552 Habitation (22 forest villages) Since before creation of 37 CHT/S/BAD 104.45 Habitation the PA Since before creation of CHT/S/BAD the PA CHT/S/BAD Cultivation Since before creation of 210 38 CHT/S/GOM the PA Felling 277.82 Felling Since before creation of the PA 1980 39 CHT/S/PAM 442.23 Grazing Annual 132.67 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 Degradation, Poor Teak Sal (Shorea regeneration, Proliferation of (Tectona Both the ranges hardy species/ weeds grandis) robusta) Climbers 0 Both the ranges 0 Both the ranges Degradation, Poor Teak Sal (Shorea regeneration, Changes in (Tectona Both the ranges habitat/ vegetation/ forest grandis) robusta) Climbers Both the ranges types 0 Both the ranges 0 All the three ranges Degradation, Poor Teak Sal (Shorea regeneration, Proliferation of (Tectona 0 Gomarda hardy species/ weeds grandis) robusta) Climbers 7 Pamed Cave structure in the PA is Teak Sal (Shorea being broken, blackened and (Tectona scratched grandis) robusta) Climbers Teak Sal (Shorea (Tectona Degradation grandis) robusta) Climbers Degradation, Poor Teak Sal (Shorea regeneration, Changes in (Tectona habitat/ vegetation/ forest grandis) robusta) Climbers types Poor regeneration of flora due All floral to grazing of domestic livestock species of villages in the PA Sal (Shorea 1.00 sq km area has been robusta) encroached Sometimes trees are felled Sal (Shorea around agricultural fields to robusta) increase the area under cultivation. For extracting honey and catching parrots, Sal trees are Sal (Shorea cut by forest dwellers. robusta) Extinction for Sal and degrdadatiSonaal and poor rBeagmenbeoroation for Bamboo. Various grasses, herbs and shrubs 72

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp CHT/N/KAN Bamboo Bija (Pterocarpus Me CHT/N/KAN Bamboo marsupium) pla CHT/N/KAN Bamboo Bija (Pterocarpus Me CHT/N/KAN Bamboo marsupium) pla Bija CHT/N/KAN Bamboo (Pterocarpus Me marsupium) pla CHT/N/KAN Bamboo Bija (Pterocarpus Me marsupium) pla Bija (Pterocarpus Me marsupium) pla Bija (Pterocarpus Me marsupium) pla 36 CHT/S/ACH 37 CHT/S/BAD CHT/S/BAD CHT/S/BAD 38 CHT/S/GOM 39 CHT/S/PAM 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 edicinal Tubers Herbs Shrubs ants Herbs Shrubs edicinal Tubers Herbs Shrubs ants Tubers Herbs Shrubs Tubers Herbs Shrubs edicinal Tubers ants Herbs Shrubs edicinal ants edicinal ants edicinal Tubers ants 73

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 40 CHT/S/SIT 558.55 Fire (Burning) Annual 0.35 CHT/S/SIT Grazing Annual 140.00 CHT/S/SIT Tree Felling Annual 55.80 41 CHT/S/TAM 608.527 Fire (Burning) Since before the 210.00 creation of the PA CHT/S/TAM Grazing 32.00 Since before the creation of the PA CHT/S/TAM NTFP collection 1990 593.00 42 CHT/S/UDA Annual 150.00 43 DEL/S/ASO 237.27 NTFP collection 1986 Grazing 10.00 DEL/S/ASO 1986 27.81 4.00 Mines DEL/S/ASO NTFP collection 1986 10.00 44 GOA/S/BON 7.95 1991-93 0.10 45 GOA/S/CHO Tree felling 1.8 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 5 Risgaon and Sitanadi Range Changes in Fallen dry Mahula Char 0 Risgaon and Sitanadi Range habitat/vegetation/forest types leaves and (Bohinia (Buchanani 0 Risgaon and Sitanadi Range Degradation grasses vanlii) a lanzan) Grasses 0 Game Range Tamor Pingla Degradation Mahula Char Species that (Bohinia (Buchanani 0 Game Range Tamor Pingla (I) Degradation (ii) Poor are used for vanlii) a lanzan) regeneration fuelwood 0 Game Range Tamor Pingla Mahula Char 0 Udanti (I) Degradation (ii) Poor Bans (Bohinia (Buchanani 0 Asola regeneration (Dendro vanlii) a lanzan) calamus 0 Asola (I) Degradation (ii) Poor strictus) regeneration 0 Asola Population decline of fruit Bans bearing trees (Dendro Degradation and poor calamus strictus) regeneration. Degradation and poor Bans (Dendro regeneration. calamus Degradation and poor strictus) regeneration. Tendu Ronz Dhak (Butea Dhonk (Acacia leucophloca (Anogeissus ) monosperno) pendula) Ronz Dhak (Butea Dhonk (Acacia leucophloca (Anogeissus ) monosperno) pendula) Ronz Dhak (Butea Dhonk (Acacia leucophloca (Anogeissus ) monosperno) pendula) 0 Wildlife Range for Campal Negligible Chipi Ippal (Sonneratia (Avicennia alba) marina) 74

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 40 CHT/S/SIT CHT/S/SIT CHT/S/SIT Harra 41 CHT/S/TAM Awala (Embica (Terminalia CHT/S/TAM officinalis) chebula) CHT/S/TAM Harra 42 CHT/S/UDA 43 DEL/S/ASO Awala (Embica (Terminalia DEL/S/ASO officinalis) chebula) DEL/S/ASO Harra 44 GOA/S/BON Awala (Embica (Terminalia 45 GOA/S/CHO officinalis) chebula) Desi Kikar Ber ( (Acacia Zizyphus nilotica) nunularia) Desi Kikar Ber ( (Acacia Zizyphus nilotica) nunularia) Desi Kikar Ber ( (Acacia Zizyphus nilotica) nunularia) 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 75

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 46 GUJ/S/RAT GUJ/S/RAT 55.65 Drought 1986 to 1988, 2000-01 Whole area GUJ/S/RAT Fire Every year Part of the GUJ/S/RAT NTFP collection Every year Part of the Habitation Every year Part of the 47 GUJ/S/WIL 48 HAR/S/BIRB 4953.71 Grazing, Salt farming, Drought Drought occasional. Grazing and salt farming 49 HAR/S/CHIL annual 4.144 FEL 1999 6.00 Cultivation and Felling around 0.28 0.28 the PA 50 HAR/S/SAR 44.02 Grazing, Cultivation and Felling 1970 44.02 51 HP/N/GRE Grazing,Habitation,NTF From posterity 905.40 52 HP/S/DAR Collection,Cultivation,Tree Annual 2.00 905.4 felling 3.00 HP/S/DAR 46.5857 Fire (Burning) Annual 1.00 53 HP/S/DHA Grazing Annual 943.98 Fire (burning) HP/S/DHA Grazing Annual 350.00 HP/S/DHA NTFP collection Annual 70.00 HP/S/DHA Tree felling Annual 350.00 54 HP/S/GAM 109 Landslide and erosion Annual 0.03 Annual HP/S/GAM Grazing 30.00 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 a Kanjeta range Poor regeneration and degradation of soil arKeanjeta range Poor regeneration and degradation of soil arKeanjeta range Poor regeneration and degradation of soil area Poor regeneration and degradation of soil 0 Bir Bara Ban Jind Degradation Salvadora Population decline and poor All grasses spp. 8 regeneration Entire block of wildlife Poor regeneration & Changes Eucalyptus in habitat/vegetation/forest 2 sanctuary types Acacia Dalbergia Degradation, Poor Nilitica Sisoo 0 Tirthan ,Sainj and Jiwanal regeneration & Changes in 0 Dofda habitat/vegetation/forest types Kaleej(Loph 0 Dofda 0 Bir and Keori beats Ecology and biodiversity of the Sesous(Capri Monal(Lopho usa area has been effected 0 Whole range Poor regeneration cornis phonus leucomdang North and North East of the OTH (trampling of pastures), Poor regeneration sumatraenei umpegenus) ) 0 range Degeradation, poor regeneration Chir Deodar Baan oak 0 Southern part of the PA 3 Beer and Sangani beats Degeradation, poor Chir Deodar Kail 0 Bhandal regeneration Population declining, Chir Degradation, Poor regeneration Alpine and Very few trees are felled. other Therefore there is negligible grasses impact Loss of vegetation and habitat Medicinal Poor regeneration Herbs Deodar, Rai, Tosh and Kail 76

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 46 GUJ/S/RAT GUJ/S/RAT GUJ/S/RAT GUJ/S/RAT 47 GUJ/S/WIL 48 HAR/S/BIRB 49 HAR/S/CHIL 50 HAR/S/SAR 51 HP/N/GRE Fir Spruce 52 HP/S/DAR Fir All broad leaf HP/S/DAR 53 HP/S/DHA species All HP/S/DHA HP/S/DHA HP/S/DHA 54 HP/S/GAM HP/S/GAM 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 l grasses 77

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 55 HP/S/KAL 69.47 Grazing (Traditional right) Annual 2.00 HP/S/KAL Annual 4.70 Tree felling (Timber demand, HP/S/KAL Traditional right) 4.70 56 HP/S/KHO OTH (Charcoal, Traditional right) Annual 57 HP/S/KUG 378.87 Grazing Annual 340.98 HP/S/KUG NTFP Collection Annual 189.44 HP/S/KUG Tourism & Pilgrimage Annual 18.94 HP/S/KUG Tree felling (Timber demand) Annual 2.00 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 0 Kalatop-Khajjiar Degradation, poor regeneration Grasses and 0 Kalatop-Khajjiar Ban oak (Leaf and dry 0 Kalatop-Khajjiar branches) None Deodar General disturbance Dry branches of Fir and Spruce 8 Entire PA Poor regeneration, OTH (Soil Grasses and degradation). Ban, & Young shoots of Kail, Robinia, Deodar, Goon, Walnut etc. Mostly Hal & Heg Dhar & Negligible Ban, 4 around Kugti village. Robinia, Kail, OTH (Noise, disturbance and Karu, Patish, 4 Along trek routes in the PA accumulation of solid wastes) Mushkbala, 0 Around Kugti village Population decline, OTH (Noise Saalam and disturbance) panja, Saalam mishri, Dhup etc. Some edible ferns (lungru) and other plants Kail and Deodar 78

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 55 HP/S/KAL HP/S/KAL HP/S/KAL 56 HP/S/KHO 57 HP/S/KUG HP/S/KUG HP/S/KUG HP/S/KUG 47

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 79

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected HP/S/KUG HP/S/KUG Development project (Road Annual 0.50 58 HP/S/LIP from Hadsar to Kugti) 37.89 HP/S/LIP Annual OTH (Glacier) Annual 30.89 Grazing Annual NTFP Collection 59 HP/S/RUP 269.15 Fire Annual 10.00 HP/S/RUP Grazing Annual 100.00 HP/S/RUP NTFP collection Annual 90.00 60 HP/S/SAN 650 Grazing Annual 650.00 Annual 487.50 HP/S/SAN NTFP collection HP/S/SAN OTH (Fuel and fodder Annual 325.00 extraction) 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 0 From Hadsar to Kugti Changes in habitat/ Kail and South and South East of the Vegetation/ Forest types, OTH Grasses (Soil erosion) 9 PA Population decline, OTH (Land Kail and Sangla slips) Deodar Poor regenaration Grasses Sangla Poor regenaration Medicinal Herbs 0 Rupi+Bhaba Poor regeneration Chil, Kail, Deodar, Ban, 0 Ruph+Bhaba Poor regeneration, Changes in Fir, Spruce 0 Rupi+Bhaba habitat/ vegetation/ forest 0 Sangla types Grasses and 0 Sangla Population decline, Poor saplings of regeneration chil, deodar, 0 Sangla kail and Poor regeneration broad leaf species Dhup, Karu, Patish, Panja etc. Grasses Dhoop and Karu Poor regeneration due to Badcheri lopping leaves, Bhojpatra, Maple for fodder and Deodar, Kail, Fir, Spruce and Bhojpatra for fuel 80

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp HP/S/KUG HP/S/KUG 58 HP/S/LIP HP/S/LIP 59 HP/S/RUP HP/S/RUP HP/S/RUP 60 HP/S/SAN HP/S/SAN HP/S/SAN 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 81

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 61 HP/S/TUN 64 Grazing Annual 57.60 HP/S/TUN NTFP Collection Annual 48.00 HP/S/TUN Tourism and pilgrimage Annual 0.10 10.00 HP/S/TUN Tree felling (Timber demand) Annual 0.20 HP/S/TUN Development project (Road Annual 5.00 from Hadsar to Kugti) HP/S/TUN Annual 5 62 J&K/N/HEM OTH (Glacier) Annual 7 3350 Erosion Annual 50 J&K/N/HEM Annual 536 J&K/N/HEM Development activities Annual Negligible J&K/N/HEM Grazing Seasonal 20 J&K/N/HEM Habitation and cultivation Seasonal J&K/N/HEM Mining 48 Tourism

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 0 Entire PA Poor regeneration, OTH (Soil Grasses and degradation). Ban, & 0 Entire PA Young shoots of 0 All four beats Kail, Robinia, 0 Tundah and Badgran beat Deodar, Goon, 0 Badgran beat Walnut etc. 0 Banni and Bhadra beats 5 Throughout the PA Negligible Ban, 7 Throughout the PA Robinia, Kail, 0 Throughout the PA Karu, Patish, 6 Throughout the PA Mushkbala, Saalam Throughout the PA panja, 0 Throughout the PA Saalam mishri, Dhup etc. OTH (Noise, disturbance and Some edible accumulation of solid wastes) ferns (lungru) and other Population decline, OTH (Noise plants and disturbance) Kail and Deodar Changes in habitat/ Kail and Vegetation/ Forest types, OTH Grasses (Soil erosion) Population decline, OTH (Land Kail and slips) Deodar Negligible Grasses Negligible Grasses Degradation Grasses Degradation, poor regeneration Grasses Negligible Negligible 82

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 61 HP/S/TUN HP/S/TUN HP/S/TUN HP/S/TUN HP/S/TUN HP/S/TUN 62 J&K/N/HEM J&K/N/HEM J&K/N/HEM J&K/N/HEM J&K/N/HEM J&K/N/HEM 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 83

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area 63 J&K/N/KIS the PA Affected Ausculus Indica (H.Chestnut) 64 J&K/S/CHA 425 Annual 100 J&K/S/CHA 4000 Floods and landslides Annual 2000 Annual 65 J&K/S/KAR Grazing Annual 5 J&K/S/KAR 5000 Erosion Annual 335 J&K/S/KAR Annual 750 J&K/S/KAR Development activities (roads) Annual J&K/S/KAR Habitation and cultivation Annual 50 J&K/S/KAR Felling Annual 2000 J&K/S/KAR Tourism 3000 Grazing 1000 Others (army) 186.26 66 JHA/S/HAZ 186.255 Tree felling Annual JHA/S/HAZ 186.26 Cultivation,Grazing, Habitation, 67 KAR/N/ANS 0.18 Mines/quarries, NTFP collection, 20 Fire (Burning) Annual 20 250 Pigrimage 5 10 68 KAR/N/BAND 880.02 1970 69 KAR/N/BANN 104.27 Habitation Persists Accidental KAR/N/BANN Grazing Common KAR/N/BANN Fire 1980 KAR/N/BANN Tree felling KAR/N/BANN Mines 600.324 Not affected so far 70 KAR/N/KUD 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 In lower belt of Kishtwar and Sirchi ranges, locals, who are residing within the area of park lop the broad leaved species for fodder for domestic animals during winter months. Nyoma, Chushul Degradation, poor regeneration, Cchaaranggaenian vhearbsitcaotl/avegetation/forest types. Nyoma, Chushul 5 Nubra Degradation, poor regeneration, Mchyarincagreiainsphpa.bAitartte/vmeegseiatastipopn.C/foaresxtttibypeetins.a 5 Nubra 0 Nubra Degradation Grasses 0 Nubra 0 Nubra Degradation Ephedra spp. 0 Nubra 0 Nubra Population decline, degradation,Gproaosrsrespgecniersation 6 Entire PA Degradation Salix, poplars 6 Entire PA Not known 8 Population decline, degradation, poor regeneration. 0 Harohally, Project Population decline, degradation, poor regeneration 0 Along the fringes 5 In patches Degradation, Poor All except regeneration, Changes in weeds in the fringes habitat/ vegetation/ forest 0 Banerghattat Kalkore RF types Degradation, Changes in All except habitat/ vegetation/ forest weeds types, Proliferation of hardy species/weeds Population decline Adchari (Memecylon Edule Ground fire is the only problem. Termenalia tomHoentnoesa(Pt. MaHrsuunpsiuem) This is helpful to get good Bamboo (Den.BSetruict(uAsz)a. indica) grass in patches. No damage to the trees. Mathi Honne Dindiga Population decline Population decline All species Poor regeneration Population decline Population decline 84

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 63 J&K/N/KIS 64 J&K/S/CHA J&K/S/CHA 65 J&K/S/KAR J&K/S/KAR J&K/S/KAR J&K/S/KAR J&K/S/KAR J&K/S/KAR J&K/S/KAR 66 JHA/S/HAZ JHA/S/HAZ 67 KAR/N/ANS 68 KAR/N/BAND Ta. Indica Srigandha (SaO. At 69 KAR/N/BANN Abe Jalan KAR/N/BANN KAR/N/BANN KAR/N/BANN KAR/N/BANN 70 KAR/N/KUD 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 Athlbeur msp)p. 85

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 71 KAR/S/ARA 13.5 Grazing, Tree felling, Fire Every year 4 to 5 72 KAR/S/ATT 2.226 Every year Fringe 73 KAR/S/BIL 1980's Fringe 540 Erosion Every year Whole KAR/S/BIL Dam Every year Fringe KAR/S/BIL Fire Every year Fringe KAR/S/BIL Grazing Every year Whole KAR/S/BIL Mines Every year One place KAR/S/BIL NTFP collection 1997 KAR/S/BIL Pilgrimage 10.00 74 KAR/S/GUD Occasional 0.7368 Human Activity 125.00 75 KAR/S/MEL Occasional 49.82 Grazing, Fire, Tree felling 2.00 76 KAR/S/MOO 247 Habitation 77 KAR/S/NUG 30.32 Grazing, Tree felling, Fire 78 KAR/S/SHA Extraction of trees, Building of 123.63 431.23 Sharavathi Reservoir and dam 1963 KAR/S/SHA Sharavathi Hydro Project 1963 123.03 79 KAR/S/SHE 8.00 395.6 Dam 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 Honne Mathi Sandal (Santalum Degradation, Proliferation of (Pterocarpus (Terminalia Album) hardy species/weeds 5 Arabitittu Sanctuary Morsapian) Tomentosa) Decline in regeneration All ranges Loss of breeding sites Shola spp. All ranges Poor regeneration and All ranges degradation Phylanthus emblica All ranges Population decline, All ranges Degradation, Poor Beete 1 Dindal - All ranges regeneration Anogeissus All ranges Reduction in the tree Jalari - Honne - latifolia Gudava Birds Sanctuary population Shorea Pterocarpus Talura Marsupium 0 Fringes of the Sanctuary Satinwood- Sandal - Honne - 0 Kundapur wildlife Sanctuary Chloroxylon Santalum Pterocarpus Switenia Album marsupium 0 Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary 3 Kargal, Kogar About 61500 Nos. affected Extraction of Nandi Matti 3 Kargal, kogar Extraction of timber before Matti- Nandi - Mavu- 0 Sacrebyle construction of Dam Terminalia Lagerstomia Mangifera paniculata lanceolata indica 86 Teak - Beete - Nandi - Tactona Dalbergia Lagerstroem grandis latifolia ia lanceolata

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 71 KAR/S/ARA 72 KAR/S/ATT 73 KAR/S/BIL KAR/S/BIL KAR/S/BIL KAR/S/BIL KAR/S/BIL KAR/S/BIL KAR/S/BIL 74 KAR/S/GUD 75 KAR/S/MEL Cycus Hunal - Ne Terminalia Sy Paniculata Cu 76 KAR/S/MOO 77 KAR/S/NUG 78 KAR/S/SHA Yethiga Beete He KAR/S/SHA Honne - Beete - Dh 79 KAR/S/SHE Pterocarpus Dalbergia Di marsupium latifolia ind Jambe - Xylia Bamboo - xylocarpa Bambusa arundinacea 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 eralu - yzygium umini ebbalasu Nerale Honne Kavale, Kone, huma - Jambe, ipterocarpus Gurgi, dica Boorga Kiralbagi(Hop ea parviflora), Gulmavu (Machilus), Surhonne (Calophyllum tomentosum) 87

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 80 KER/N/ERA KER/N/ERA Fire (Burning) according to the Annual 16 100 WII Study 30.00 81 KER/S/ARA Annual 82 KER/S/CHIN NTFP Collection according to 1984 onwards the WII Study Annual 55 Drought, erosion, habitation 90.442 Pilgrims 83 KER/S/WAY 344.44 Drought 1989 344.44 KER/S/WAY Grazing All years 344.44 KER/S/WAY NTFP Collection All years 344.44 84 MAH/N/AND 625.4 Fire(Burning) Every year 290.00 MAH/N/AND Tree felling Every year 100.00 85 MAH/N/NAV 133.88 133.884 Tourism Since establishment of 133.88 MAH/N/NAV the P.A. 133.88 MAH/N/NAV Fire 133.88 MAH/N/NAV Since establishment of 133.88 MAH/N/NAV Grazing the P.A. Non Timber Forest Produce collection Since establishment of the P.A. Felling Since establishment of the P.A. Since establishment of the P.A. 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types Medicinal Population decline Herbs 6 Aralam Population decline, degradation,Fpicouosr r(eFgiceunserreacLteiiotmsneoasa(L) itsea iMnsaelagneilse)ngi (Chion 0 Chinnar Degradation All species 4 Entire PA Poor regeneration, Proliferation Legoerstroe 4 Entire PA of hardy species/ weeds, mia spp., Degradation grevia 4 Entire PA tilaefolia, 0 Kolsa,Moharli,Tadoba Poor regeneration, Proliferation Terminalia 0 Kolsa,Moharli,Tadoba of hardy species/ weeds, tomentosa 8 All area Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ 8 All area forest types All flora 8 All area 8 All area Population decline, Sida 8 All area Degradation, Poor cordifolia, regeneration Solanum Population decline & changes spp., Emblica in habitat officialis Common Population decline& change in floral species habitat Degradation & poor Bamboo(Den regeneration Teak(Tecton drocalamus Degradation & poor a grandis) strictus) regeneration Degradation & poor All species regeneration Degradation & poor All species regeneration Degradation & poor All species regeneration All species All species 88

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 80 KER/N/ERA Thanni (TerminaPliaoobveallemric(Sac)hleFicic KER/N/ERA 81 KER/S/ARA 82 KER/S/CHIN 83 KER/S/WAY KER/S/WAY KER/S/WAY 84 MAH/N/AND MAH/N/AND 85 MAH/N/NAV MAH/N/NAV MAH/N/NAV MAH/N/NAV MAH/N/NAV 48

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 cchuesra(Foicleuossbaa)ddNojamveail)(ZyzigiumNcaunmkin(Mi)esua fCerhreoara)pine (Myristica baddomei) 89

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 86 MAH/N/PEN MAH/N/PEN 257.26 Human activity MAH/N/PEN Traffic Grazing MAH/N/PEN MAH/N/PEN Illegal encroachment at totuladoh MAH/N/PEN Ilegal fishing 87 MAH/N/SAN Hydroelectrical project at MAH/N/SAN totuladoh MAH/N/SAN 103.09 Encroachments MAH/N/SAN Tourism Grazing Mines/Quarries 88 MAH/S/AMB 127.11 Fire All previous years 2.00 MAH/S/AMB Grazing All previous year N.A MAH/S/AMB Cultivation 1998 0.32 89 MAH/S/ANE 82.94 Grazing 82.94 MAH/S/ANE Fire (Burning) 82.94 MAH/S/ANE Tree felling 82.94 MAH/S/ANE Habitation 82.94 MAH/S/ANE Cultivation 82.94 90 MAH/S/BHI 0.13 130.78 Development 1964-65 to 1977 0.09 MAH/S/BHI 0.32 MAH/S/BHI Landslides 1994 91 MAH/S/CHAN 60% Dam 1979 to 1984 308.97 Rehabilitation of villages out side 1o9f 9th7e-9s8anctuary 49

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 All floral species affected All floral species affected All floral species affected All floral species affected All floral species affected All floral species affected 0 Sonala Poor regeneration & Teak Dhawda Bamboo A. Sonala proliferation of hardy species/weeds 2 Sonala Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types Open land Degradation, Poor regeneration, Proliferation of Anjan(Hardwi 4 hardy species/weeds cia binnta) Degradation, Poor regeneration, Proliferation of Salai(Boswell 4 hardy species/weeds ia seratta) Degradation, Poor regeneration, Proliferation of Sag(Tectona 4 hardy species/weeds grandis) Degradation, Poor regeneration, Proliferation of 4 hardy species/weeds Dhawda Degradation, Poor regeneration, Proliferation of 4 hardy species/weeds 3 Bhimashankar 1 Proliferation of hardy species/weeIndfso.rmation not available. 9 Bhimashankar 1 and 2 Proliferation of hardy species/weeIndfsormation not available 2 Bhimashankar 2 Change in habitat. Information not available North of Nandoli to Chandel villaFgleoral population increased. Rregeneration accelerated. Occurrence of grass ka 90

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 86 MAH/N/PEN MAH/N/PEN MAH/N/PEN MAH/N/PEN MAH/N/PEN MAH/N/PEN 87 MAH/N/SAN MAH/N/SAN MAH/N/SAN MAH/N/SAN 88 MAH/S/AMB MAH/S/AMB MAH/S/AMB 89 MAH/S/ANE MAH/S/ANE MAH/S/ANE MAH/S/ANE MAH/S/ANE 90 MAH/S/BHI MAH/S/BHI MAH/S/BHI 91 MAH/S/CHAN 49

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 91