2003 - Vol 2 - Reassessing the Management of National Parks in India - Biological Profiles of Individual PAs

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area TN/N/MUD PA Activity 95 Affected Ra TN/N/MUD Plume channel TN/N/MUD Vehicle movement Every year 8M Felling Yearly 34 Ka 201 TN/S/CHI 202 TN/S/GRI OTH- Water from M tank is used for TN/S/GRI irrigation of fields 0.48 Ch 0.48 nearby 10 Ra TN/S/GRI 477.83 Floods Sr TN/S/GRI Drought Frequently 496.38 ra 203 TN/S/KAN At the time of 49.64 Al 204 TN/S/KARA Erosion flood 24.82 Al 205 TN/S/KARI Fire Yearly 1.04 Al TN/S/KARI OTH- Water from Every year 206 TN/S/POIN tank used for Ne irrigation of 2% 0.04 TN/S/POIN surrounding paddy 1% TN/S/POIN 1.04 fields 5.6 TN/S/POIN 4.53 Nil 0.5 207 TN/S/PUL 0.65 TOU 0.25 208 TN/S/UDA CUL 209 TN/S/VAD 25.00 Grazing 80 210 TN/S/VALL Tourism Pilgrimage Ne 211 TN/S/VED Fishing 61.47 Fishing 0.44 Nil 1.28 Nil 16.41 TOU (Heavy 0.27 tourism) 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Mas. Coridor obstruction Degradation, animals are dusturbed Degradation, animals are dusturbed ar,Tep, Mas Scrub Jungle Degradation, animals are dusturbed Mas hitrangudi Wetland Degradation Vegetation 1000 ajapalayan Forest Degradation rivilliputhur. Saptur, All a Forest, Grassland Degradation Degradation ll ranges Forest Grassland ll ranges ll Wetaland Degradation, Poor regeneration ear edge of lake Wetland Disturbance to birds No water unit 10acres Not known Grass land Grass land Forest Wet lands/water Bed Depletion of food to the birds By grazing Poor regenaration Wetlands'Disturbance ear edge of lake to birds Disturbance to birds 16

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 212 TN/S/VELL PA Activity Every year Affected Ra No activities inside 213 TN/S/VET 0.38 W 214 TRI/S/GUM 0.77 protected area TRI/S/GUM OTH- water from TRI/S/GUM tanks used for TRI/S/GUM irrigation of surrounding paddy 215 TRI/S/TRI 0.38 fields TRI/S/TRI TRI/S/TRI 389.59 Oth Since long Ti Felling Ti 216 UP/S/BAK Grazing Ti 217 UP/S/CHA Habitation Ti UP/S/CHA 194.70 Drought 1999 30 Ra UP/S/CHA Ra UP/S/CHA Grazing Every year UP/S/CHA 50 Ra 218 UP/S/KAI NTFP collection Every year Ra Fishing and grass UP/S/KAI 28.9421 collection Annual 50 Ra 1957 96.00 Dam onwards Entire PA Ch Grazing 1957 Outside 30 Ch Dam Outside Ch Grazing More or less Mining every year 30 Ch Ch 501 Drought Not known Al Erosion More or less every year Not known Al 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Wetlands Degradation Erosion, Extinction, proliferation of hardy Forest, wetland, species/weeds, population decline irthmukh grassland irthmukh irthmukh Grassland, wetland Animals move to the buffer zone and close irthmukh to agriculture fields for food and water. ajnagar Grassland, wetland Disturbed habitat creates scarcity of food ajnagar, Abhoya for Bison and other wildlife angamura Bamboo forests Breeding of birds, particularly migratory bird ajnagar, Abhoya, Grassland and is adversely affected. angamura wetland Forest, grassland and Extinction, degradation and nuisance handraprabha wetland handraprabha Forest, grassland and Extinction, degradation and nuisance handra Prabha wetland Extinction handra Prabha Forest Degradation handra Prabha Grassland General nuisance Wetland ll ranges Forest Degradation, poor regeneration. ll ranges Forest Extinction, population decline, degradation, poor regeneration, changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types. 17

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area UP/S/KAI PA Activity Affected Ra UP/S/KAI UP/S/KAI Fire Sporadic Not known Al UP/S/KAT From the UP/S/KAT Grazing beginning of 60% of the the PA PA Al 219 UP/S/LAK More or less 220 UP/S/MAH Floods every year Not known Al 221 UP/S/NAT 400.09 Girjapuri Dam Around 1970 Not Ka UP/S/NAT available Around 1980 UP/S/NAT Saryu canal Since time In UP/S/NAT immorial 4 PA 222 UP/S/NAW 80.24 Grazing Since last 20 La years 5.42 Grazing Before 2.4 La notification of 635 Habitation PA 635 Ba Before Grazing notification of 635 Bo the PA. Development activities (bridges Before 635 Bo on the Chambal notification of river and roads the PA through the sanctuary). Dam 635 Bo 1.5 Na 2.246 Grazing Before declaration of the sanctuary 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Extinction, population decline, degradation, ll ranges Forest poor regeneration, changes in habitat/vegetation/forest ll ranges Forest Population decline, degradation, poor regeneration, changes in ll ranges Forest habitat/vegetation/forest types. Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types. atarniaghat Forest n some parts of the Change in habitat type. A. Forest Wetland and Poor regeneration, change in habitat akh Bahosi grassland alitpur Grassland ah, Etah Forest Changes in habitat, habitat disturbance oth ranges Forest Changes in habitat, habitat disturbance. oth ranges Forest The water in Chambal has greatly reduced oth ranges due to the dam at Pinchat. awab Ganj Chambal river Change in habitat type, growth of weeds. 18 Wetland and grassland

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 223 UP/S/OKH PA Activity Affected Ra 4 Dam Before UP/S/OKH Floods notification of 3.5 O UP/S/OKH Tourism PA. UP/S/OKH Others 3.75 O 224 UP/S/PAR Before 225 UP/S/PAT 10.8447 notification of 2.5 O 226 UP/S/RAN 1.05 PA. 1O 227 UP/S/SAMN 220.41 Grazing Before notification of UP/S/SAMN 5.26 Habitation PA. UP/S/SAMN Grazing Before notification of UP/S/SAMN Development PA. Project Since last 20 M Floods years 60% of the an PA area. pa Before notification of 5.2 Sa the PA in 1990. 5.2 Sa Before 5.2 Sa notification of the PA in 5.2 Sa 1990. Before notification of the PA in 1990. Before notification of the PA in 1990. 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Okhla Bird Sanctuary Forest and wetland Changes in habitat, others. Okhla Bird Sanctuary Forest and wetland Changes in habitat, others. Okhla Bird Sanctuary Forest and wetland Changes in habitat, others. Okhla Bird Sanctuary Forest and wetland Others Manikpur (currently) Grassland and forest Competition for food with wild herbivores. nd Markundi (in the ast) aman Bird Sanctuary Forest Poor regeneration, changes in habitat. aman Bird Sanctuary Forest aman Bird Sanctuary Forest aman Bird Sanctuary Forest Forest cover is adversely affected. 19

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area UP/S/SAMN PA Activity Affected Ra Before Cultivation notification of 5.2 Sa the PA in 1990. 228 UP/S/SAMS 7.99 Grazing Before 3.75 Sa 229 UP/S/SAN 2.246 notification of 230 UP/S/SOH 428.2 Floods PA in 1987 Al Al UP/S/SOH Fires Before Al UP/S/SOH Grazing notification of Al UP/S/SOH Habitation the PA. Al UP/S/SOH NTFP collection Before Al UP/S/SOH Cultivation notification of the PA. Su 231 UP/S/SURS 7.13 Grazing Before 2 Sa notification of UP/S/SURS Pilgrimage the PA. Su 0.3 Sa UP/S/SURS Tourism 1992 1962-74 Su 232 UP/S/VIJ 2.62 Fishing onwards 0.5 Sa Annual 233 UTT/N/COR 520.82 Dam, tourism Vi 234 UTT/N/GAN 2390.024 Tourism 0.25 Sa Ka 42.2 To 4G 32

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact aman Bird Sanctuary Forest Disturbance to birds, particularly while nesting. amaspur Grassland and Poor regeneration wetland Degradation, poor regeneration ll ranges Degradation, poor regeneration ll ranges Forest, grassland Degradation ll ranges Forest, grassland Population decline ll ranges Forest, grassland Degradation ll ranges Forest ll ranges Forest, wetland Forest ur Sarovar Bird anctuary Forest and wetland Changes in habitat, others. ur Sarovar Bird Forest Others. anctuary Forest Changes in habitat, others. ur Sarovar Bird anctuary. Wetland Extinction of trees, grasslands have been ijay Sagar Bird submerged in the reservoir anctuary Forest, grassland and Degradation, poor regeneration, pollution. alagarh range, wetland ourism range Forest, grassland Gangotri 20

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area UTT/N/GAN PA Activity Annual Affected Ra Pilgrimage UTT/N/GAN Annual 2G UTT/N/GAN Development Annual activities (roads) 60 G UTT/N/GAN Grazing 50 G UTT/N/GAN Tree felling Annual 5G Fire Annual Negligible G UTT/N/GAN NTFP collection Annual (every 350 G UTT/N/GAN Others (hunting) fifth year, the 350 G Others (army entire range UTT/N/GAN camps) is open Others UTT/N/GAN (avalanches) Annual 235 UTT/N+S/GOV 957.969 Grazing Annual 30 G UTT/N+S/GOV NTFP collection UTT/N+S/GOV Tree felling Annual 30 G UTT/N+S/GOV Habitation Annual Al UTT/N+S/GOV Cultivation Annual 250 Sa UTT/N+S/GOV Flood Annual UTT/N+S/GOV Erosion Annual 50 Al Development 25 Al UTT/N+S/GOV activities (roads) UTT/N+S/GOV Tourism 5 Al 236 UTT/S/ASK 599.93 Land slides Annual 34 Al 2000 500 Al UTT/S/ASK Erosion Annual 10 Al Annual 5 Al Annual 10 Sa Annual Approximate ly 30 As Annual Unknown As 32

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Gangotri Forest, grassland Degradation, poor regeneration, pollution. Gangotri Forest, grassland Degradation, disturbance, poor Gangotri Forest, grassland regeneration Degradation, poor regeneration Gangotri Forest Gangotri Forest Degradation, poor regeneration and changes in habitat types. Negligible Gangotri Forest, grassland Extinction, population decline and poor Gangotri Forest, grassland regeneration Changes in habitat types. Gangotri Forest, grassland Degradation, poor regeneration and pollution Gangotri Forest, grassland Degradation, poor regeneration and changes in habitat types. ll ranges, especially Forest, grassland Degradation, poor regeneration and ankari Forest changes in habitat types. ll ranges Forest Degradation and poor regeneration ll ranges Forest Negligible ll ranges Negligible Degradation, changes in habitat types ll ranges Forest (shifting cultivation) ll ranges Villages, forest Degradation and loss of life and property ll ranges Forest, scrub Degradation ll ranges Forest Degradation ankari Forest, grassland None Degradation and certain floral species are skot, Dharchula Forest destroyed. Degradation and certain floral species are skot, Dharchula Forest destroyed. 21

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area UTT/S/ASK PA Activity Affected Ra UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK Dam 1995 1.862 Dh 1985 0.056966 Dh UTT/S/ASK Development activities (Micro UTT/S/ASK hydel project) UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK Fire Annual Approximate En UTT/S/ASK Grazing Annual ly 200 ha. ris UTT/S/ASK Habitation Annual Between UTT/S/ASK 318 sq. km. and 330 sq. km. (including area As Between 318 sq. km. and 330 sq. km. (including area As Mining Since 1990 0.4 As NTFP collection Annual 453 As Tourism Annual Negligible As Pilgrimage Annual 2 Cultivation Annual Between 318 sq. km. and 330 sq. km. (including area As 32

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact harchula Degradation, poor regeneration and chnages in habitat types. harchula Forest Loss of forest area ntire Askot range is at Forest, particularly Population decline, degradation, poor sk pine regeneration and changes in habitat types. skot , Dharchula Forest, grassland Degradation, poor regeneration and population decline. skot, Dharchula Forest, grassland Degradation, poor regeneration and changes in Habitat types. skot, Dharchula Forest, river bed Poor regeneration, general disturbance skot and Dharchula Forest and loss of top soil. skot, Dharchula Unknown Population decline, degradation and poor Forest and snow regeneration. bound areas Unknown Degradation, poor regeneration and general disturbance. skot, Dharchula Forest 22

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area UTT/S/ASK PA Activity Annual Affected Ra Development 120 As activities (roads) 237 UTT/S/BIN 47.07 Check dam 1992-94, 96- Bi 98 Se UTT/S/BIN Su UTT/S/BIN Fire 1999,98,97 Bo UTT/S/BIN Grazing Regular UTT/S/BIN Cultivation 6.38 Bi Annual 4.7 M UTT/S/BIN Tourism A 14 So UTT/S/BIN Pilgrimage Annual 238 UTT/S/BINO Habitation, NTFP Annual 0.5 So 239 UTT/S/KED collection 3.3874 1998 15 Bi UTT/S/KED UTT/S/KED 975.20 Landslides 1998 1O Development Annual 240 UTT/S/SON activities 0.5 O Grazing 20 O UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON 301.1 Grazing Annual Ad UTT/S/SON Pa Habitation (Gujjars) Since 1950s Cultivation Annual So Tourism Annual Pa 32

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact skot, Dharchula forest Degradation, poor regeneration and proliferation of hardy species. insar-Pasdev, Okhli, Pine forest erod, Vamantilani Oth- Helps in soil conservation by checking unoli R.F, S. Binsar, soil washed away by rains. Protects trees oual, Kathghara growing in river beds. The chaks & estates inside the PA, though technically not on insar Pine forest forest land, occupy 140.5 ha of land inside Mainly south Binsar Pine forest the sanctuary little in north Binsar Pine and Oak Poor regeneration, Changes in outh Binsar Pine and Oak habitat/vegetation/forest types (habitat (Negligible impact) destruction), Soil erosion outh Binsar Transition between Negligible Pine & Oak Soil erosion insar Heavy disturbance, Poor regeneration Loosening of soil by cattle hooves Poor regeneration Okhimath Forest Degradation Okhimath Forest, Grassland Degradation Degradation, Poor regeneration Okhimath, Gopeshwer Forest Population decline, degradation, poor regeneration, changes in habitat types, dnala, Mandal, Forest, grassland, proliferation of hardy species/weeds. alain, Maidavan wetland Population decline, degradation, poor onanadi (Nalkatta, regeneration, changes in habitat types, akhrau, Kalushahid) Forest, grassland proliferation of hardy species/weeds. Negligible 23

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area UTT/S/SON PA Activity Annual Affected Ra UTT/S/SON Others (firewood 1962 collection) onwards Al 241 WB/N/GOR 242 WB/S/BAL Dam 1950, 1951, 0.67 En 79.45 Nil 1952 243 WB/S/BET 0.67 En 2.02 None 1970 WB/S/BET So 244 WB/S/CHA Plantation within Annual 1.25 PA 245 WB/S/HAL the PA with non- Annual indigenous species 1987,1993,1 So WB/S/HAL 0.67 like Teak 996,1997,19 1.25 PA 246 WB/S/LOT Introduction of 98,1999 Polyalthea 1997,1998,1 1.3 W 247 WB/S/RAI suberosa with 999 0.01 W WB/S/RAI Chital from Orissa 9.492 Before 1987 Not En 248 WB/S/RAM surveyed Bo 249 WB/S/SEN 5.95 Flood Before 1987 Not WB/S/SEN Tidal Wave surveyed 38.00 1.30 FL ER No discernable 0.14 impact of tourism. Illegal Fire wood 38.88 collection Encroachment during and before 38.88 GNLF movement 32

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ll ranges Submergence of grasslands. ntire Forest Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types. ntire Forest Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types. outhern part of the Forest Degradation/poor regenaration A facing towards sea crop(Mangrove) Degradation/Poor regenaration outhern part of the Forest A facing towards sea crop(Mangrove) Wildlife Range Forest Degradation/Poor regenaration Wildlife Range Forest Population declined & Soil erosion ntire Range Depletion is very rapid oth the ranges Depletion is very rapid 24

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 250 WB/S/SUN PA Activity Every Year Affected Ra Every year WB/S/SUN 2585.00 FL Every year 2585 Al WB/S/SUN 2585.00 CY 2585 Al 2585.00 ER 2585 Al 32

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ll ranges Forest Adversely affect the eco-system ll ranges Forest Adversely affect the eco-system ll ranges Forest Adversely affect the eco-system 25

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Phenomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs 326

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges 1 AP/N/MAH PA Activity Last 20 years 14.59 Entire Park AP/N/MAH Large scale Since 1980 14.59 Entire PA urbanisation around the 14.59 area Locating the municipal garbage dumping ground adjacent to the park 2 AP/N/VEN 525.97 'PIL Common Chamala around Ka 10 and Talakona AP/N/VEN 3 AP/S/COR PIL Common Tirupati-Around Tiru enclosure and foot p AP/S/COR 235.70 Cyclone November 1996 25 roads to Tirumala 4 AP/S/ETU Fishing Whole PA AP/S/ETU Whole PA Fire (Ground Tadvai, Eturnagaram 803.00 fires) 200 Tadvai, Eturnagaram Grazing Regular 32

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 Habitat degradation, fragmentation Air, soil and water pollution All species effecting plant and animal health. including birds alyani Dam Migration away from the site Spotted deers umala sambhars path, Ghat four horned antitopes panthers Langurs Migration away from the site Spotted deers sambhars four horned antitopes panthers Langurs Birds - Egrets Population decline nesting Not available Regeneration is affected population decreases Wild animals and Ground flora m are affected All Wild animals are disturbed and All species, results in competition for water mostly m and food-resource ungulates 27

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N 1 AP/N/MAH AP/N/MAH 2 AP/N/VEN AP/N/VEN 3 AP/S/COR AP/S/COR 4 AP/S/ETU AP/S/ETU 32

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 0 0 28

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 1 AP/N/MAH AP/N/MAH 2 AP/N/VEN AP/N/VEN 3 AP/S/COR AP/S/COR 4 AP/S/ETU AP/S/ETU 32

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 29

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges PA Activity AP/S/ETU 350 Tadvai, Eturnagaram 5 AP/S/KAW NTFP Indanpally collection Kawal village Indanp AP/S/KAW beedi leaf Japalpur, Tadlapet AP/S/KAW collection in Indanpally AP/S/KAW Buffer zone Jannaram AP/S/KAW Indanpally AP/S/KAW 893.00 Hunters 1993-94 Hunters 1994 6 AP/S/KOL AP/S/KOL Hunters 1998 Hunters 1998 7 AP/S/KOU Hunters 1999 8 AP/S/KRI Hunters 1999 9 AP/S/PAK 308.00 Cultivation Full year Eluru Pesci culture 1976 on words Eluru AP/S/PAK 357.63 Drought 1995, 1997, 357.63 Palamaner and Kup AP/S/PAK 194.21 Cyclone 1999 1977 AP/S/PAK 860.00 Fire Kothaguda, Narsam Gudur Grazing Regular Kothaguda, Narsam NTFP Gudur collection Kothaguda, Narsam 340 Gudur Cultivation Kothaguda, Narsam Gudur 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 m Causes disturbance to wild Ungulates 1 pally animals during the collection 1 Four horned Loss of breeding site antilope 1 Loss of breeding site Chinkara 1 2 Four horned 1 antilope Tiger Peafowl Panther Effect on local birds & birds (migratory) ppam Range Extinction All fauna mpet and Extinction, Population decline, All mpet and Migration away from the site, All species mpet and Loss of breeding site, Loss of mostly food source, Increased threat ungulate. mpet and from predators/hunters All Population decline, Loss of breeding site, Loss of food source, Increased threat from predators/hunters Migration away from the site, Loss of breeding site, increased threat from predators/ hunters. Extinction, Population decline, Migration away from the site, Loss of breeding site, Loss of food source, Loss of food source. 30

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N AP/S/ETU 5 AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW 6 AP/S/KOL AP/S/KOL 7 AP/S/KOU 8 AP/S/KRI 9 AP/S/PAK AP/S/PAK AP/S/PAK AP/S/PAK 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 0 0 31

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 AP/S/ETU 5 AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW AP/S/KAW 6 AP/S/KOL AP/S/KOL 7 AP/S/KOU 8 AP/S/KRI 9 AP/S/PAK AP/S/PAK AP/S/PAK AP/S/PAK 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 32

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges PA Activity AP/S/PAK Habitation 1996 1996 Kothaguda, Gudur a 10 AP/S/PAP 1984 Narsampet AP/S/PAP Foot and AP/S/PAP mouth All ranges 590.68 disease Flood All ranges Shooting Dhioriolr 11 AP/S/POC 130.00 Fire 18 Pocharam AP/S/POC Cultivation 12 Pocharam AP/S/POC Tree felling 35 Pocharam AP/S/POC Grazing 32 Pocharam AP/S/POC NTFP 1994 30 Pocharam 12 AP/S/PRA collection Chennur 136.00 Hunters 1995 Chennur AP/S/PRA Hunters 13 AP/S/PUL 1970 onwards 461 Pulicat Bird Sanctua Development Miao and Gandhigra 14 ARU/N/NAM 600.00 project ARU/N/NAM 4.5 ranges. Miao- 4.45 All ranges Vijoynagar 1985.25 road project Lisu migrants. 1996 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 Population decline, Migration away from the site, Loss of water and source, Increased threat from predators/hunters All Population decline Bison 20 Sambar Few nos. Disease Bison Few nos. 50 Bisons Abundant 50 50 Population decline, Migration Nilgai 100 Sambar 50 away from the site and Increased 50 threat from predators/hunters N.A Population decline, Migration Nilgai 100 Sambar N.A away from the site and Increased threat from predators/hunters Population decline, Migration Nilgai 100 Sambar away from the site and Increased threat from predators/hunters Population decline, Migration Nilgai 100 Sambar away from the site and Increased threat from predators/hunters Population decline, Migration Nilgai 100 Sambar away from the site and Increased Tiger 1 1 threat from predators/hunters Black buck ary Reduced water flow am wildlife Population decline and habitat fragmentation. Tiger N.A Deer Population decline and habitat Tiger N.A Deer fragmentation. 33

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N AP/S/PAK 10 AP/S/PAP Barking Deer Few nos. AP/S/PAP AP/S/PAP Barred Monitor 11 AP/S/POC Chital 800 Panther 10 Lizard 8 Barred Monitor AP/S/POC Chital 800 Panther 10 Lizard 8 Barred Monitor AP/S/POC chital 800 Panther 10 Lizard 8 Barred Monitor AP/S/POC Chital 800 Panther 10 Lizard 8 Barred Monitor AP/S/POC Chital 800 Panther 10 Lizard 8 12 AP/S/PRA AP/S/PRA 13 AP/S/PUL 14 ARU/N/NAM Birds N.A Fishes N.A ARU/N/NAM Birds N.A Fishes N.A 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 0 80 Python 20 80 Python 20 80 Python 20 80 Python 20 80 Python 20 34

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 AP/S/PAK 10 AP/S/PAP AP/S/PAP AP/S/PAP 11 AP/S/POC AP/S/POC AP/S/POC AP/S/POC AP/S/POC 12 AP/S/PRA AP/S/PRA 13 AP/S/PUL 14 ARU/N/NAM ARU/N/NAM 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 35

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges PA Activity 15 ARU/S/DER Others( Regular during 190 All ranges 16 ARU/S/MEH 190.00 Hunting) dry season 0.01 Mehao 281.50 Floods Every Year ARU/S/MEH 9.8 Mehao Habitation Time ARU/S/MEH NTFP Immemorial 98 Mehao collection ARU/S/MEH Time 30 Mehao Immemorial ARU/S/MEH 0.2 Mehao ARU/S/MEH Cultivation Time 0.3 Mehao ARU/S/MEH Immemorial 0 Mehao ARU/S/MEH Tree felling 1964 Tourism 1980 0.98 Mehao ARU/S/MEH Pilgrimage 1996 20 Mehao ARU/S/MEH Development 1980 ARU/S/MEH project ARU/S/MEH Grazing Every Year 17 ASS/N/DIB Fire (Burning) 1999 2 Mehao ASS/N/DIB 0.01 Mehao Landslides Every Year 0.01 Mehao ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB Erosion Every Year 340 Guijan and Saikhow ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB 340.00 Flood Annual Guijan and Saikhow ASS/N/DIB Tree felling Every year Unknown Guijan and Saikhow NTFP 1 Guijan collection Every year 1 Guijan and Saikhow Habitation Since 1956-57 Guijan and Saikhow Cultivation Every year Erosion Annual 32.5 Guijan and Saikhow Grazing Annual 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 Population decline Wild buffalo Not known but Not known but there is definite there is trend of decline in number of definite trend Hog deer of decline in Hog deer numbers of (Axis bufalo. pochisuts) Loss of breeding site Sambar 10 Increased threat from Predators Bee (Apis Floea) Population decline Slow Loris Loss of Breeding site (N. Coucang) 12 Hornbill (A. Rnyticeros) 6 Loss of Breeding site Wild Cat Migration away from the site (Felis chans) 8 Hoolock 24 Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) Loss of food source, Malnutrition, Increased threat from Terrestrial wa predators/hunters Mammals Loss of food source, Loss of Prinetes wa breeding site birds wa Loss of food source Birds Fishing and trapping of turtles wa wa wa Loss of food source Herbivores 36

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N 15 ARU/S/DER Barking deer Not known but Wild boar (Sur Not known Sambar N 16 ARU/S/MEH (Muntiacus there is definite scrofa) but there is (cervus t muntjak) trend of decline definite trend unicolor) t ARU/S/MEH in number of of decline in d ARU/S/MEH Barking deer number of n Wild boar. S ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH 17 ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 Not known but there is definite trend of decline in number of Sambar 0 0 37

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 15 ARU/S/DER 16 ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH 17 ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 38

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges PA Activity 18 ASS/N/KAZ 407.90 Flood Every year 280 All the ranges ASS/N/KAZ ASS/N/KAZ Tourism Every year 15 All the ranges ASS/N/KAZ Brahamputra Erosion Every year 19 ASS/N/MAN Banks only All the ranges Fire Every year ASS/N/MAN (Controlled 262 All the ranges burning) ASS/N/MAN 10 Bhuiyanpara 20 ASS/N/ORA Grazing, 1989 21 ASS/S/BAR Cultivation, 519.77 Tree felling ASS/S/BAR Grazing, 1989 8 Panbari Cultivation, Tree felling Grazing, Tree 15 Bansbari felling 78.8 78.80 Poaching 8 Plain areas Drought (Dry Every year 20 26.21 season) Poaching 33

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 Migration away from the site, Rhino 1200-1500 Wild 800-1100 Loss of breeding site, Loss of buffalo/Moh( Small number food source, Increased threat Bubalus Small number from predators/hunters. bubal Small number Negligible disturbance Rhino Small number Wild buffalo/Moh( Loss of habitat Bubalus bubal Temporary loss of hiding space, food source Rhino Small number Wild Population decline, loss of buffalo/Moh( breeding site, loss of food Bubalus source, Increased threat from bubal predators/hunters Rhino/Garh( Small number Wild Rhinoceros buffalo/Moh( uniconnis) Bubalus bubal Pigmy Hog, Hispid Hare, Rhino, Swamp Deer Population decline, Migration Elephant, away from the site, Loss of Tiger, breeding site, Loss of food Swamp Deer, source, increased threat from Golden predators/hunters Langur Migration away from the site, Tiger, Loss of food source Elephant, Pigmay Hog, Deer, Primates Loss of food sources and Loss of Elephant 15 Bison (Bos 26 water sources Hog deer gaurus) Population decline Wild Pig 39

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N Elephant/Hati Swamp deer/Dol (Elephas maximus harina (Cerus Tiger/Bagh(Pa nthera tigris) 3 18 ASS/N/KAZ 800-1000 duvouceli) 200-500 ASS/N/KAZ ASS/N/KAZ Elephant/Hati Swamp deer/Dol ASS/N/KAZ (Elephas maximus harina (Cerus Tiger/Bagh(Pa Small number duvouceli) Small number nthera tigris) S Elephant/Hati Swamp deer/Dol (Elephas maximus harina (Cerus Tiger/Bagh(Pa Small number duvouceli) Small number nthera tigris) S Elephant/Hati Swamp deer/Dol (Elephas maximus harina (Cerus Tiger/Bagh(Pa Small number duvouceli) Small number nthera tigris) S 19 ASS/N/MAN ASS/N/MAN ASS/N/MAN Hornbill (Aceros Pea fowl (Pavo Wild pig (Sus 20 ASS/N/ORA nipalensis) 16 cristatus ) 14 scrofa) 1 21 ASS/S/BAR ASS/S/BAR 34

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 Sambar ( Hog deer/Khotia Cervus unicolor) pahu(Axis 30-85 40-100 percinus 3000-6000 Sambar ( Hog deer/Khotia Cervus unicolor) pahu(Axis Small number Small number percinus Small number Sambar ( Hog deer/Khotia Cervus unicolor) pahu(Axis Small number Small number percinus Small number Sambar ( Hog deer/Khotia Cervus unicolor) pahu(Axis Small number Small number percinus Small number 0 Hog deer (Axis 13 percinus) 15 40

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 18 ASS/N/KAZ ASS/N/KAZ ASS/N/KAZ ASS/N/KAZ 19 ASS/N/MAN ASS/N/MAN ASS/N/MAN 20 ASS/N/ORA 21 ASS/S/BAR ASS/S/BAR 34