2003 - Vol 2 - Reassessing the Management of National Parks in India - Biological Profiles of Individual PAs

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra J&K/S/CHA 80 J&K/S/KAR Grazing Annual 2000 Bo J&K/S/KAR 5000 Erosion Annual 5 Nu J&K/S/KAR Development J&K/S/KAR projects (roads) Annual 335 km. Nu J&K/S/KAR NTFP collection Annual J&K/S/KAR Habitation and 10 Kh cultivation Annual J&K/S/KAR Felling Annual 750 Nu J&K/S/KAR Tourism Annual 50 Nu J&K/S/KAR 81 J&K/S/OVE 2000 Nu J&K/S/OVE 82 JHA/S/HAZ Others (army and 1000 Nu para militery activity) Annual 3000 Nu JHA/S/HAZ JHA/S/HAZ Grazing Annual 50 Nu Pa 83 JHA/S/PAR Air port 84 KAR/N/ANS Pa 425.00 Tourism Every year 186.26 En Development projects 186.26 Tree Felling Annual Cultivation, Annual 186.26 En Grazing, Habitation, 186.26 En NTFP collection, Fire (Burning) 4W Mines/quarries Annual Landslide, Erosion, 1997 50.81 Fire (Burning) 250.00 Dams 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact oth ranges Grassland Population decline, poor regeneration Grassland, forest, ubra cultivated area Degradation ubra Barren areas General disturbance hardungla Grassland None ubra Forest, grassland Degradation, poor regeneration ubra Forest Degradation, poor regeneration ubra Forest Degradation ubra All habitats Degradation, poor regeneration ubra Grassland Degradation, poor regeneration ubra Riverine forest Noise pollution ahalgam Forest Disturbance ahalgam Forest Disturbance Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes ntire PA Forest in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types ntire PA Forest Degradation, Changes in habitat/ ntire PA Forest vegetation/ forest types, Proliferation of hardy species/ weeds Wildlife Range Anashi Forest land Degradation, Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest types Due to a huge landslide in 1995, the G.T.Road, situated at the foot hill of the PA, was washed away (30 to 40 feet) Habitat Degradation 91

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area KAR/N/ANS PA Activity Since Long Affected Ra KAR/N/ANS Grazing Since Long Pilgrimage 0.1 W 0.18 W 85 KAR/N/BAND 880.02 1970 20 Ha 86 KAR/N/BANN 104.27 Habitation Persists Al KAR/N/BANN Grazing Accidental 20 th KAR/N/BANN Fire Common KAR/N/BANN Tree felling 5 Pa 1980 KAR/N/BANN Mines Al Ba 10 Ka 87 KAR/N/KUD 600.32 Grazing, Fire Every year 0.2 Ad 88 KAR/S/ADI 0.89 Grazing Every year 0.05 Ad Fire Every year KAR/S/ADI 4 to 5 0.02 Ad Pilgrimage Every year KAR/S/ADI Ar Grazing, Tree Fr 89 KAR/S/ARA 13.50 felling, Fire Sa 90 KAR/S/ATT 2.226 Every year Fringe Al 91 KAR/S/BIL 540 Erosion 1980's Fringe Dam Every year Whole Al KAR/S/BIL Fire Every year Fringe Al KAR/S/BIL Grazing KAR/S/BIL 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Wildlife Range Anashi Forest land Habitat Degradation Wildlife Range Anashi Forest land Habitat Degradation No human activity in the PA.Ground fire arohally, Project Dry deciduous forest occurs in patches every year. This will not ll along boundary of Dry deciduous forest cause any damage to the PA. he PA Felling, grazing, degradation atches Dry deciduous forest long the boundary Degration in the fringes annerghatta and Forest land Ground fire, poor regeneration alkere S.F. Forest land Population decline Forest land dichunchangiri Forest Degradation, totally stopped. dichunchangirei Since the enclosures are there in the dichunchangiri National Park, the cattle grazing is an usual rabitittu Sanctuary practice. During the period of dry summer ringes of the in March, April and May Fires are occurring anctuary sporadically; and are being extinguished by the staff then and there. Decrease in Regeneration. Regeneration gets burnt. Decrease in Regeneration. Regeneration gets burnt.Small aggregate accidental fire. Degradation, Proliferation of hardy species/weeds ll ranges Dry deciduous fringe Infertility ll ranges Fringe Backwater ll ranges Shola grasses Regeneration depressed. Fringe grassland Regeneration depressed 92

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area KAR/S/BIL PA Activity Every year Affected Ra KAR/S/BIL Habitation Every year Whole KAR/S/BIL Mines Every year Fringe KAR/S/BIL NTFP collection Every year Whole KAR/S/BIL Cultivation Every year Sparse KAR/S/BIL Tourism Every year Two places Pilgrimage One place 92 KAR/S/DAN Development 1980 Since long 4W KAR/S/DAN 475.02 project back Since long W KAR/S/DAN Habitation back W 2 Ku KAR/S/DAN Mining 1973 W KAR/S/DAN 1998 0.1 Ku Dams 9.5 W PAM 93 KAR/S/DOR 55.87 Grazing Since 1995 12.5 Ka 94 KAR/S/GHA 29.79 Grazing 1979 M 29 sa 95 KAR/S/GUD 0.74 G 96 KAR/S/KAV 526.95 Occasional Fr 97 KAR/S/MEL 10 Sa Grazing, Tree 49.82 felling, Fire 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Sparse Area diverted Wildlife Range Kulgi Fringe Area diverted Wildlife range Kulgi Whole area Yield declines Wildlife Range Sparse Area diverted K. Gudi, BRT Polythene ulgi&Phansoli BRT Polythene WLR Kulgi & Forest Biotic pressure umbarwada Forest Wildlife Range Gund Forest Illegal activities like encroachments, Grazing, illicit felling, forest fire etc amalapur Main island of the Illegal activities like encroachments, anctuary grazing, illicit felling, forest fire etc. Gudavi B.S Forest Habitat degradation Forest Submersion of the habitat ringes of the anctuary Grassland Meager impact on grass land the same is being avoided by providing boundary stone wall & C.P.T Grass land To some extent only in summer season Forest land 43.68 ha, Deweeding of Antargance to keep the tank 30 ha water clean and to develop the fish in the tank. Soil conservation measures and storing of water for birds. . Hence, collection of There are few enclosures with heavy dry firewood, MFP, human population & cattle population grazing pose little inside the PA problem. Fire damages occur and are controlled in time by staff. Forest is affected Poor regeneration & degradation 93

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 98 KAR/S/MOO PA Activity Occasional Affected Ra 99 KAR/S/NUG 247.00 Habitation Ku Tree felling, Fire, 125 Ra 30.32 Grazing 2 sqkms (in Nu the fringes) Sa 100 KAR/S/RANE 119.00 Grazing Since 1974 40 to 50 Al Sharavathi Dams Hu 101 KAR/S/SHA construction for 102 KAR/S/SHE 1963 123.63 Ko 431.23 Hydro Elec. Proj. KAR/S/SHE 1970 onward 8 Sh KAR/S/SHE 395.60 Mines/quarries 8 Sa Dams 1970 onwards Ha Cultivation 103 KAR/S/SOM 88.97 Grazing, Fire 1990 10 Er 104 KER/N/ERA 100.00 Fire (Burning) 5 Ar KER/N/ERA Grazing and 1984 8 Ar 105 KER/S/ARA Fuelwood collection onwards according to MP 29 KER/S/ARA 1984 55 Drought onwards Erosion

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact undapur Wildlife ange Population decline, Degradation, Poor ugu Wildlife Forest and Grassland regeneration anctuary Scrub Forest Ground fire , occasional felling and grazing lalgiri, Hunsikatti, Grass land ullatti Greater impact.Necessary proposals have been submitted to higher authorities for orgal, Kogar providing alternate grazing facilities to the himoga, Hanagere surrounding villages acrebyle anagere, Shimoga Forest land, wet land, Degradation of soils grassy patch ravikulam Degradation and Changes in Forest habitat/vegetation/forest types Forest Submersion of natural forest Forest Degradation Forests and GRA- Since the enclosures are there in the Grasslands NP, the cattle grazing is an usual practice, FIR - During the period of dry summer is March, April and May fires are occurring sporadically; and are being extinguished by the staff then and there Degradation ralam Forest Population Decline, Proliferation of hardy ralam Forest species/ weeds Degradation, poor regeneration, changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types. Degradation, poor regeneration, changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types. 94

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area KER/S/ARA PA Activity 1984 Affected Ra onwards KER/S/ARA Habitation 3 Ar KER/S/ARA Every year Lower KER/S/ARA Grazing Every year reaches of 106 KER/S/CHIN MFP collection Annual PA Ar 107 KER/S/WAY Firewood 1989 KER/S/WAY 90.44 Grazing 37.18 Ar KER/S/WAY 344.44 Drought Fringe area Ar KER/S/WAY KER/S/WAY 20 Ch KER/S/WAY 344.44 Al 108 MAH/N/AND MAH/N/AND Fire (Burning) 1989-1990 344.44 Al MAH/N/AND MAH/N/AND Grazing Annual 344.44 Al 109 MAH/N/NAV Habitation Annual 344.44 Al MAH/N/NAV NTFP Collection Annual 344.44 Al Tourism 1986 M onwards 35 Th 625.40 Fire (Burning) Every year 290 Ta Grazing Every year 150 Ta Tree felling 100 Ta Minor forest Since 200 Ta produce collection declaration of the Park 133.88 Al 133.88 Tourism Since declaration of 133.88 Al Fire the Park 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ralam Forest Degradation, poor regeneration, changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types. ralam Forest and grassland Degradation, Population decline ralam Forest Population decline, Degradation ralam Forest hinnar Dry thorn forest Degradation, Poor regeneration, ll ranges Forest proliferation of hardy species/weeds ll ranges Forest Disease, Degradation, Poor regeneration, Proliferation of hardy species/weeds ll ranges Forest Disease, Degradation, Changes in ll ranges Forest habitat/vegetation/forest types ll ranges Forest Changes in habitat/ vegetation/ forest Muthanga and types holpetty Forest Disease, Degradation adoba,Moharli,Kolsa Forest,grassland Poor regeneration& proliferation of handy species adoba,Moharli,Kolsa Forest,grassland adoba,Moharli,Kolsa Forest Poor regeneration & proliferation of handy species Population decline & degradation adoba,Moharli,Kolsa Forest Degradation ll Forest Degradation ll Forest Poor regeneration 95

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Since Affected Ra MAH/N/NAV declaration of Grazing the Park 133.88 Al MAH/N/NAV Since MAH/N/NAV Non Timber Forest declaration of 133.88 Al 110 MAH/N/PEN Produce collection the Park 133.88 Al MAH/N/PEN Felling 257.26 Ea MAH/N/PEN 257.26 Human activity From start 257.26 Ea Traffic From start MAH/N/PEN Grazing From start (M MAH/N/PEN Illegal G encroachment at From start 2 Pa MAH/N/PEN totuladoh From start Na Ilegal fishing 111 MAH/N/SAN Hydroelectrical From start project at totuladoh MAH/N/SAN 103.09 Encroachments 1991 112 MAH/S/AMB Girdling onwards MAH/S/AMB April/May 113 MAH/S/ANE every year MAH/S/ANE MAH/S/ANE 127.11 Fire All throughout 2 So MAH/S/ANE Grazing the year MAH/S/ANE NA NA So 82.94 Cultivation Before 1986 82.94 An Habitation Before 1986 82.94 An Grazing Before 1986 82.94 An Fire(Burning) Before 1986 82.94 An Tree felling Before 1986 82.94 An 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ll Forest Poor regeneration ll Forest Poor regeneration ll Forest Poor regeneration ast Pench Reserve Overall forest On the wild life population trend ast Pench Reserve Overall forest On the wild life population trend Malad area)Sanjay Forest Slums,Bamboo degradation Gandhi National &encroachments long back Forest-illicit cutting ark,Yeur/Upwan Nagla block Forest agla Forest Poor regeneration &proliferation of hardy Forest species/weeds onala Forest Poor regeneration onala Forest Degradation& poor regeneration ner dam Forest Degradation &Poor regeneration ner dam Forest Degradation &Poor regeneration ner dam Degradation &Poor regeneration ner dam Degradation &Poor regeneration ner dam 96

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 114 MAH/S/BHI 1972 Development 0.05 Bh MAH/S/BHI activities (Bombay 1964-65 and Bhimashankar 1972-73 0.02 Bh MAH/S/BHI 130.78 road) 1976 0.04 Bh MAH/S/BHI Development MAH/S/BHI activities (Bhorgi 1972-73 0.02 Bh MAH/S/BHI Bhimashankar 1979-80 to 0.32 Bh road) 1983-84 0.009 Bh MAH/S/CHAN 1994 115 MAH/S/CHAP Development To activities (Nigdale 1997-98 60% Ch MAH/S/CHAP Kondhwal Anupe 1999 MAH/S/CHAP road) 1999 4 Ch MAH/S/CHAP 1999 20.44 Ch Development 1999 116 MAH/S/DEU activities 30 Ch 117 MAH/S/GAU (Jambhurde 0.01 Ch Sidhgad road) Dam (Jambhurde M.I.Tank) Landslides Rehabilitation of villages out of 308.97 sanctuary 133.23 Fire(Burning) 133.23 Grazing Non Timber Forest Produce Collection Pilgrimage Habitat Last 7-8 2.17 improvement work years Re 260.00 Grazing Long back 3 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact himashankar-1 Forest Gap in the canopy is created due to felling of trees. himashankar 1 Forest Gap in the canopy is created due to felling of trees. himashankar 1 Forest Gap in the canopy is created due to felling of trees. himashankar -2 Forest Gap in the canopy is created due to felling of trees. himashankar 2 Forest Tree felled areas submerged under water. himashankar 1 & 2 Forest Tree growth destroyed. o the north Nandoli to Forest as well as Improvement in floral density, grass kurns handel, all villages haudampalli Malki lands (cultivated development, Poaching minimised, human haudampalli lands) destruction minimised. Road side forest floor Loss of humans Forest Loss of forage for herbivores haudampalli Forest Destruction of habitat haudampalli Forest Excessive human presence in the PA Improved productivity of area, increased ehekuri Grassland population of black buck, overall ranges Thorny forest & improvement in micro climate. grasses. Degradation of forest 97

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area MAH/S/GAU PA Activity Affected Ra 118 MAH/S/GRE 260.00 Fire 1999(March) 9 Al 119 MAH/S/GYA 8496.41 Bh MAH/S/GYA 203.56 Habitation 152.67 Kh MAH/S/GYA MAH/S/GYA Fire(Burning) 120 MAH/S/JAI Grazing Since the 101.78 Bu Dams construction W MAH/S/JAI of the W Development dam(1976) W MAH/S/JAI 341.05 projects Since the 121 MAH/S/KAL construction 0.43 Cultivation of the 1.7 MAH/S/KAL dam(1976) MAH/S/KAL Fishing Since the 361.71 Grazing construction MAH/S/KAL of the 122 MAH/S/KAR Habitation dam(1976) Non Timber Forest MAH/S/KAR Produce collection Every year Developmant Every year projects(Ghatghar dam on Panjra river) 4.27 Tree felling Tourism 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ll three ranges Thorny forest & grasses. huldhana & Grassland hamgaon uldhana & Khamgaon Grassland & Forest Trampling leading to grass degradation Whole waterbody Wetland Degradation of waterbody Degration of waterbody Whole waterbody Wetland Degration of waterbody Whole waterbody Wetland Forest Loss of vegetation & Disturbance Forest Loss of vegetation & Disturbance 98

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 123 MAH/S/KAT Sine 73.69 Grazing establishment 55.26 Ak MAH/S/KAT of the Fuel wood sanctuary 55.26 Ak MAH/S/KAT collection 124 MAH/S/MAY Non Timber Forest Since 55.26 Ak Produce Collection establishment Su 125 MAH/S/NAG Collection of the 5.145 Grazing sanctuary 152.81 Al MAH/S/NAG 152.81 Tourism Since 152.81 Al MAH/S/NAG establishment MAH/S/NAG Fire(Burning) of the 152.81 Al MAH/S/NAG sanctuary 152.81 Al Grazing 152.81 Al Non Timber Forest Since Produce declaration of the Felling sanctuary. Since declaration of the sanctuary. Since declaration of the sanctuary. Since declaration of the sanctuary Since declaration of the sanctuary 29

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact kola Forest &Grassland Migration away from the site kola Forest &Grassland Migration away from the site kola Forest &Grassland Migration away from the site upe Forest Disturbance to ecosystem ll Forest & Grassland Degradation &Poor regeneration ll Forest &Grassland Degradation &Poor regeneration ll Forest &Grassland Degradation &Poor regeneration ll Forest 7Grassland Degradation &Poor regeneration ll Forest 7Grassland Degradation &Poor regeneration 99

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 126 MAH/S/NAI 127 MAH/S/NAR Grazing,Non Timber MAH/S/NAR 29.90 Forest Produce Since long 10 Be MAH/S/NAR 12.35 Fire (Burning) 128 MAH/S/PAI Due to shortage of water during MAH/S/PAI summer,Monkeys 129 MAH/S/RAD turn to adjoining villages. MAH/S/RAD 130 MAH/S/SAG Stray Every year So dogs(domestic) right from the 324.64 ra MAH/S/SAG from adjoining beginning MAH/S/SAG villages go to the 162.32 to So MAH/S/SAG forest & chase/kill Every year 227.25 ra MAH/S/SAG antelopes. right from the MAH/S/SAG beginning MAH/S/SAG 324.64 Fire 131 MAH/S/TIP Every year 10.87 W MAH/S/TIP Grazing Every year 0.5 W 351.16 Grazing 1984 0.1 W Habitation Every year 10.87 W 10.87 Drought Every year 10.87 W Every year 10.87 W Fire(Burning) Every year Developmant ? 0W projects ? Ti Tourism Ti Pilgrimage Grazing Mines/Quarries 140.29 Grazing Felling 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact eed Forest, grassland Degradation &poor regeneration onadabhi & Kharbi Forest Growth restricted, trampling(Grass anges Forest restricted) & erosion onadabhi & Kharbi Growth restricted,trampling(Grass restricted anges &erosion Whole protected area Forest &Grassland Degradation Whole protected area Forest &Grassland Degradation Whole protected area Forest &Grassland Degradation Whole protected area Forest &Grassland Deradation Whole protected area Forest &Grassland Deradation Whole protected area Forest &Grassland Degradation Whole protected area Forest &Grassland Deradation Forest &Grazing Degradation ipeshwar Forest Degradation ipeshwar 00

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area MAH/S/TIP PA Activity ? Affected Ra Fire(Burning) 132 MAH/S/WAN Ti 205.86 Fire MAH/S/WAN 9.1 Shortage of Water 6.7 MAH/S/WAN during summer 133 MAH/S/YED causes Monkeys to M turn to adjoining 26 af MAH/S/YED villages. 134 MAN/N/KEI Stray Since long MAN/N/KEI dogs(domestic) Since long 135 MEG/N/BAL from adjoining villages go to the 1983 MEG/N/BAL forest & chase/kill onwards 136 MEG/S/BAG antelopes. 137 MEG/S/SIJ Non Timber Forest 22.37 Produce MEG/S/SIJ Grazing MEG/S/SIJ 40.00 Dam Since many Pe Human settlement years Al Al 220.00 Fire Annual Not ascertained Si NTFP collection Annual Si Not Si 0.03 NTFP collection Every year ascertained 5.18 Fire Annual Not ascertained Grazing Every year Not NTFP collection Every year ascertained Not ascertained Not ascertained 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ipeshwar Forest &Grassland Degradation Major part of the park is Grassland and forest Degradation and poor regeneration ffected by this Grassland and forest Degradatation and poor regeneration Wetland Poor regeneration, Change in habitat/vegetation/forest types. eriphery of park Outside the park - dry ground The wild animals are not willing to come near the periphery of the park, thus their habitat is reduced ll the ranges Grassland ll ranges Grassland Degradation and poor regeneration Forest NTFP collection is very occasional and does not pose serious threat/impact iju Wildlife Range Grassland iju Wildlife Range Forest Adverse impact on flora and fauna iju Wildlife Range Forest Degradation and poor regeneration 01

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 138 MIZ/N/MUR Habitation (Murlen 7 No MIZ/N/MUR village - 69 families, 150 No 139 MIZ/N/PHA 200.00 468 persons) 1891onwards MIZ/N/PHA MIZ/N/PHA Fire, cultivation, Annual 140 MIZ/S/DAM felling, NTFP MIZ/S/DAM collection MIZ/S/DAM MIZ/S/DAM 50.00 Landslides 1995 1 Ph MIZ/S/DAM Every 3 years MIZ/S/DAM Fire (parallel to 1 Ph MIZ/S/DAM NTFP collection the jhum 17 Ph MIZ/S/DAM cycle) MIZ/S/DAM 500.00 Fire Annual 300 Te MIZ/S/DAM Fire 0.25 Te MIZ/S/DAM 1990 141 MIZ/S/KHA Fire 1995 0.35 Ph Fire 1996 0.18 Ph Jhuming 1999 300 Te Jhuming 1990 0.35 Ph Jhuming 0.18 Ph Felling 1996 Felling 1999 0 Ph Felling 1995 0 Ph NTFP collection 1996 0 Te 1998 50 Te 41.00 Fire 1990 0.7 Ra Annual 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact orth Khawbung Grassland, forest orth Khawbung Forests Degradation, Proliferation of hardy hawngpui species/weeds Forests and grasslands within the Habitat destruction PA hawngpui Forests and Change in habitat hawngpui grasslands within the Negligible impact PA eirei and Phuldungsei Forests Population decline, degradation, Changes eirei in habitat/Vegetation/Forest types Bamboo forest Degradation huldungsei Bamboo forest Population decline, degradation, changes huldungsei Bamboo forest in habitat/vegetation/forest types eirei & Phuldungsei Bamboo forest Population decline, degradation, Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types huldungsei Bamboo forest huldungsei Population decline, degradation, changes huldungsei Bamboo forest in habitat huldungsei Bamboo forest eirei Forest Degradation, changes in eirei & Phuldungsei Forest habitat/vegetation/forest types Forest Degradation, changes in habitat awpui Bamboo forest Negligible Negligible Forest Negligible Negligible Degradation, proliferation of hardy species/weeds 02

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra MIZ/S/KHA Every 5 years 142 MIZ/S/LEN Cultivation (Jhum) (parallel to 0.35 Ra the jhum Ra MIZ/S/LEN cycle) MIZ/S/LEN 36 de MIZ/S/LEN 120.00 Fire Annual Ra 143 MP/N/BAN Cultivation Annual 20 de 144 MP/N/PEN Ra Felling Annual MP/N/PEN 5 de MP/N/SAN OTH (Hunting) Annual Ra MP/N/SAN NTFP (Tendu), MP/N/SAN Amla collection, Every Year 90 de MP/N/SAN 1161.47 Mahuwa collection 1990 MP/N/SAN onwards M MP/N/SAN 292.86 Dam 1985 600 Ka Development onwards projects. 54.51 Ka 0.43 Ka #N/A Fire (Burning) Annual Du #N/A Grazing Rotational 192.04 Du #N/A Habitation From 1975 59.98 Du #N/A NTFP collection From 1992 304.61 Du From 1989 12.7 Du Cultivation #N/A (encroachment) #N/A Oth (Nistar) Annual Du 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact awpui Forest Degradation, proliferation of hardy Forest species/weeds anges not yet Forest emarcated Forest Degradation Forest anges not yet Degradation emarcated Degradation anges not yet emarcated Degradation anges not yet Felling and lopping of Tendu leaves, amla emarcated and chironji. Magadhi, Khitauli, Forest Change in habitat/vegetation/forest types. allawah, Panpatha. Change in habitat/vegetation/forest types. armajhiri and Gumtara Forest Degradation, poor regeneration, change in habitat, proliferation of weeds. armajhiri Forest Degradation, poor regeneration, change in habitat, proliferation of weeds. ubari, Bastua Forest Degradation, poor regeneration, change in habitat, proliferation of weeds. ubari, Bastua Forest Degradation, poor regeneration, change in habitat, proliferation of weeds. ubari, Bastua Forest Degradation, poor regeneration, change in habitat, proliferation of weeds. ubari, Bastua Forest Degradation, poor regeneration, change in habitat, proliferation of weeds. ubari, Bastua Forest ubari, Bastua Forest 03

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 145 MP/N/SAT MP/N/SAT 524.37 Erosion 400 Ka 146 MP/S/BAG Pilgrimage 35 Pa MP/S/BAG MP/S/BAG 478.00 Erosion Annual 15 Ba MP/S/BAG Fire (Burning) Annual 10 Ba MP/S/BAG Annual and MP/S/BAG Grazing rotational 20 Ba Annual (since 147 MP/S/GAN Habitation 1978) 50 Ba Annual (since MP/S/GAN NTFP Collection 1978) 300 Ba OTH (Nistar) Ba MP/S/GAN Construction of 1954-60 MP/S/GAN gigantic Gandhi G Sagar dam on 1950 sa MP/S/GAN 368.62 Chambal river. Ad Establishment of From 1954 bo two cattle camps at onwards G Dhanga and Since long sa Bakchads. back. Inhabitation of Ne Chambal colony no da .8 G Sa Grazing In co NTFP collection Since long sa back. 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact amti and Pachmarhi. Forestland, Wetland Degradation, Poor regeneration and achmarhi. Forest Changes in habitat/vegetation/Forest types. Degradation, Poor regeneration and Disease agdara Forest and Grassland Degradation agdara Grassland Degradation agdara Grassland Poor regeneration agdara Forest and Grassland Changes in habitat agdara Forest agdara Forest Gandhisagar Forest, grassland Not known as the Dam was constructed in anctuary. Forest, grassland 1960 and the sanctuary was notified only in 1974 djacent to Rajasthan oundary in Not known, as the cattle camps were Gandhisagar established a year ago before the anctuary. formation of the sanctuary. ear the Gandhi Sagar Forest, grassland Colony was settled and constructed before am site. Grassland 1974, when the sanctuary was notified. Reduction in forest and grassland habitat . Gandhisagar Forest Fodder shortage for wildlife. anctuary. Not known n every nook and orner of the anctuary. 04

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area MP/S/GAN PA Activity Heavy influx Affected Ra MP/S/GAN of persons MP/S/GAN Tree felling after 1954. Ar pe 148 MP/S/NAR Tourism For past two MP/S/NAR decades. Ar MP/S/NAR Pilgrimage pl Since 1950. im 57.20 Fire (Burning) Yearly Ar pr pl An Kh 5 Dh Cultivation Before 1.56 Sc Habitation 24/10/80 C 10 an MP/S/NAR Grazing Yearly 20 In MP/S/NAR Tree felling Yearly La Yearly An MP/S/NAR Tourism 5 kh 149 MP/S/NAT 460.00 Sand mining Every year Ch Every day 3 kh MP/S/NAT Human Pressure MP/S/NAT Cattle Pressure 1186.96 Al 150 MP/S/NOR 1186.96 Fire (Burning) 1186.96 Al MP/S/NOR Grazing 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact rea adjacent to Forest Not known eripheral villages. Forest rea in and around the Forest Not known laces of historical Forest and Grassland mportance. Forest and Grassland Not known reas which have Forest and Grassland Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes roximity to religious in habitat/Vegetation/Forest types, laces. Proliferation of hardy species/weeds. ndhiyar Khon, Chandi Disease, Degradation, Poor regeneration hon, Jagon Kho, and changes in habitat/vegetation/forest hunwale 'B' types. cattered in whole PA Extinction, Degradation, Poor regeneration. Chainpara, Devgarh nd Gandhigram n whole PA. Extinction, degradation, poor regeneration, change in habitat/vegetation/forest types, Forest and Grassland proliferation of hardy species/weeds. adakhon, Dhuwali, Forest Extinction, degradation, poor regeneration, ndhiyar Khon, Karcha Forest and Grassland change in habitat/vegetation/forest types, hon. proliferation of hardy species/weeds. hidi khon, Andhiyar Population declining and Poor hon, Jamun khon. regeneration. ll ranges of the P.A. Grassland Degradation/Poor regeneration. ll ranges of the P.A. Population decline, degradation and poor Forest and Grassland regeneration. 05

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area MP/S/NOR PA Activity Affected Ra MP/S/NOR NTFP collection Every day 1186.96 Al 151 MP/S/ORC Every day 1186.96 Al 152 MP/S/SAN Oth (Movement of villages and 153 MP/S/SAR vehicles) 154 MP/S/SON 44.9 155 NAG/N/INT 364.59 Erosion Annual Du NAG/N/INT NAG/N/INT Grazing, Habitation, NAG/N/INT 348.12 Cultivation Every year 340 Sa NAG/N/INT 15.54 To 156 NAG/S/PUL 209.21 15.54 To NAG/S/PUL 15.54 To NAG/S/PUL 1993 NAG/S/PUL 202.02 Village settlement onwards Development 1993 project (play onwards ground) Cultivation 1993 onwards Tree felling 1993 15.54 To NTFP collection onwards 9.23 Landslide 1993 40.4 In Habitation onwards Grazing 0.23 To NTFP collection Every year To Every year 0.1 to To Every year 0.2 to Every year To 0.5 to 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ll ranges of the P.A. Population decline, degradation, Poor Forest and Grassland regeneration. ll ranges of the P.A. Population decline, degradation and Poor Forest and Grassland regeneration. ubari, Bastua Forest Degradation, poor regeneration, change in ardarpur habitat, proliferation of weeds. Revenue area, agricultural land/ Degradation. private land ourist zone Forest Degradation ourist zone Forest Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types ourist zone Forest Degradation, changes in ourist zone Forest habitat/vegetation/forest types Degradation, changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types, poor regeneration ntanki Forest Population decline, poor regeneration Forest Degradation and general management owards northern side Forest problems owards Kohima Grassland ownship Forest and grassland Degradation oward Kohima ownship Degradation owards Kohima ownship Degradation 06

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra NAG/S/PUL 157 NAG/S/RAN Tree felling Every year To 0.45 to 158 ORI/N+S/BHI 4.70 Village settlement 1992 2.35 Ra 159 ORI/S/BAD Habitation, Grazing, Annual Ka ORI/S/BAD Erosion, OTH Every year 150 Ba (Fishing and illicit ORI/S/BAD 145 felling) ORI/S/BAD ORI/S/BAD 304.03 Fire ORI/S/BAD 160 ORI/S/BAI Grazing Whole year 150 Ba ORI/S/BAI ORI/S/BAI Drought Current Year 304.03 Ba Habitation Every year 150 Ba NTFP Collection Every year Tree felling Every year 304.03 Ba 168.35 Bamboo working 1995-96 304.03 Ba Bamboo working 1996-97 Bamboo working 1997-98 41.36 Ba 33.13 Ba 36.31 Ba ORI/S/BAI Fire 1999 Al ORI/S/BAI Annually Al ORI/S/BAI Grazing Al 161 ORI/S/BAL Annually 36 Ba ORI/S/BAL Drought Every year 36 Ba ORI/S/BAL 71.72 Cyclone in 1999 36 Ba 162 ORI/S/CHA 90 Al Tourism NTFP collection (collection of cashewnut) 193.39 Fire 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact owards Kohima Forest Degradation ownship Forest Destruction of wildlife habitat angapahar anika and Rajnagar Forest, grassland and Population decline, degradation, poor adarma wetland regeneration, proliferation of hardy Forest species/weeds adarama Population decline and poor regeneration Forest around the adarama villages in the PA Degradation and poor regeneration adarama adarma Forest around the Population decline and poor regeneration adarma villages in the PA Degradation arigocha range Forest Degradation and poor regeneration arigocha range Forest Population decline arigocha range Forest Disturbance to habitat and wild animals Forest Disturbance to habitat and wild animals Forest Disturbance to habitat and wild animals Forest ll the ranges Forest Damage to regeneration and eggs of birds and reptiles, invertebrates and insects ll the ranges Forest Disturbance to wild animals and chances of Contamination ll the ranges During 2000 streams and nallahas dried up alukhand and Konark Forest Degradation and changes in habitat/ vegetation/forest types alukhand and Konark Forest Degradation and changes in habitat/ vegetation/forest types alukhand and Konark Forest Degradation and changes in habitat/ vegetation/forest types ll four ranges Forest Population decline and degradation 07

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area ORI/S/CHA PA Activity Every year Affected Ra ORI/S/CHA Tree felling 1999 Cyclone 35 Al 163 ORI/S/DEB 193 Al 346.90 Fire 1997-98 164 ORI/S/HAD Hadgarh Dam, La Salandi Project, 1964-72 1.6 Ka ORI/S/HAD Prior to 191.60 Hadgarh reservoir declaration of 31.83 Sh ORI/S/HAD sanctuary Co ORI/S/HAD Fire Prior to 5, ORI/S/HAD declaration of Grazing sanctuary 20 Pa ORI/S/HAD Habitation/encroac 165 ORI/S/KAR hments 1965 Co 191.6 4, ORI/S/KAR 166 ORI/S/KHA Co 15 1, ORI/S/KHA ORI/S/KHA Mines/quarries 1965 4 Co ORI/S/KHA Tree felling Many years 191.6 Al ORI/S/KHA 147.66 Fire (burning) back, prior to 75 En first working Habitation plan 0.05 Ka Annual 1985 onwards 116.00 Fire Every year 116 G Grazing Every year G Habitation Every year 2G NTFP Collection Every year 116 G Cultivation Every year 2G 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ll four ranges Forest Population decline and degradation ll four ranges Forest Population decline and degradation akhanpur and amgaon Range Ground flora affected Poor regeneration, young saplings affected. hown on map ompartment: Forest Forest, villages and cultivated land ,11,13,15,16 submerged alabani Forest Degradation of forest, loss of wildlife habitat ompartment: ,5,6,7,11,13,16 Forest Degradation of forest, loss of wildlife habitat ompartment: Forest Degradation of forest, loss of wildlife habitat ,2,6,13,14,15 Forest Degradation of forest, loss of wildlife habitat ompartment: 15,16 ll ranges Forest Degradation of forest, loss of wildlife habitat ntire PA Degradation, poor regeneration Forest arlapat Extinction Forest, grassland Degradation, poor regeneration and Girishchandrapur Forest, grassland proliferation of hardy species/weeds. Girishchandrapur Forest, grassland, Degradation and poor regeneration wetland Population decline, degradation, poor Girishchandrapur Forest regeneration Girishchandrapur Degradation Forest, grassland, Population decline, degradation, poor Girishchandrapur wetland regeneration and changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types 08

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra ORI/S/KHA Tree felling Every year 116 G Sometime shifting ORI/S/KHA cultivation is done. Every year 399.5 Al Cultivation, Tree 167 ORI/S/KOT 399.50 felling, Fire Every year 399.5 Grazing, NTFP Prior to ORI/S/KOT Collection 1980. 0.13 1983 17 Ni ORI/S/KOT Mining Every year 168 ORI/S/KUL 272.75 Dam Every year 100 Ni Every year 150 Ni ORI/S/KUL Grazing Occasional 150 Ni ORI/S/KUL NTFP collection 1995 ORI/S/KUL Fire 50 Ni ORI/S/KUL Tree felling Ch 169 ORI/S/LAK 174.96 Cyclone Cultivation, Tree Ti ORI/S/LAK felling, Habitation Ti 170 ORI/S/SATN 795.52 Floods 1982 Ra ORI/S/SATN Floods 1986 Al ORI/S/SATN Cyclone 1999 Ri M ORI/S/SATN Drought 1988, 1998, Tu 2000, 2001 Ka ORI/S/SATN Ba Erosion 1982, 1986 ORI/S/SATN Tree felling Last 10 years 30

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Girishchandrapur Forest Population decline, degradation, poor regeneration and changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types ll two ranges Forest Degradation, poor regeneration and changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types ilgiri Forest Not assessed ilgiri Forest Not assessed ilgiri Forest Not assessed ilgiri Forest Not assessed ilgiri Forest Uprooting of trees handragiri ikarpara Forest and gharial Gharial and muggar research project ikarpara Forest and gharial Regeneration died. Forest fire habitat aigoda, Tulka research project degraded, wildlife affected. Forest Siltation in Mahanadi ll ranges iver stretch of Forest, grassland Illicit felling for smuggling. Mahanadi ulka, Labangi, Wetland atranga, Atharmile aghmunda, Tainsi Forest 09

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area ORI/S/SATN PA Activity Affected Ra ORI/S/SATN ORI/S/SATN Fire Every year, Th Fishing 1998, 2001 171 ORI/S/SATS Every year M Grazing 172 ORI/S/SIM Every year Entire forest 173 ORI/S/SUN and village ORI/S/SUN ORI/S/SUN fringes Al ORI/S/SUN ORI/S/SUN 268.94 ORI/S/SUN Cultivation, grazing, 174 PUN/S/ABO collection of timber, firewood, small timber and NTFP, man made fires, growing human 2200 population. 600.00 Fire Every year Na 420 Ra Cultivation Every year Na 60 Ra Habitation Every year Na Grazing 160 Ra Tree felling 12 Other (Encroachment) Cultivation, grazing, fuelwood collection and fodder 186.05 collection 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Appearance of fire hardy species, loss of hroughout Forest, grassland food, fodder to wildlife habitat quality Mahanadi Wetland degradation. By use of gill net/ nylon nets- gharial died. ll ranges Forest Retrogression failure or regeneration of palatable species. awa Para and Komne Forest and Grassland Degradation of the habitat. ange Forest and Grassland Forest Population decline, degradation, poor awa Para and Komne regeneration and proliferation of hardy ange species/weeds awa Para and Komne Population decline, degradation, poor ange regeneration and proliferation of hardy species/weeds Population decline, degradation, poor regeneration and proliferation of hardy species/weeds 10

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area 175 PUN/S/HAR PA Activity Annual Affected Ra PUN/S/HAR 86.00 Illegal Fishing 28 Ha PUN/S/HAR Illegal Poaching Annual 86 Ha PUN/S/HAR Encroachment Annual 2.5 Ha PUN/S/HAR Grazing Annual 50 Ha PUN/S/HAR Illegal removal of Annual 50 Ha PUN/S/HAR grasses 176 RAJ/N/KEO Annual 5 Ha Deliberate burning 177 RAJ/S/BAS of grasses 178 RAJ/S/BHA 28.73 Drought 2000-2001 11 Ke 179 RAJ/S/JAI Ja Dam, grazing, 180 RAJ/S/JAM NTFP collection, RAJ/S/JAM tree felling, tourism, RAJ/S/JAM 138.69 pilgrimages RAJ/S/JAM RAJ/S/JAM Drought, erosion, Few occasion RAJ/S/JAM dam, grazing, 195.015 cultivation RAJ/S/JAM 52.00 Grazing 181 RAJ/S/KELA 300.00 Dam. 1998 4.5 Ja Fire. Every year 0.16 Ja Grazing. 120 Ja Habitation. Mines. 4 Ja Encroachment. 4.37 Ja 0.17 Ja Erosion. Not 672 Grazing recorded. Ja Prior to 600 Al notification of the sanctuary in 1983. 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact arike Wetland Population decline Impact on populations of water birds, wild arike Wetland and boar, common hare and hog deer adjoining grasslands arike Impact on population of hog deer arike Cultivable land in the Impact on population of hog deer PA arike Grasslands in the PA arike Grasslands in the PA Impact on population of hog deer eoladeo Grasslands in the PA Impact on population of hog deer Wetland, grassland Disease, degradation, changes in habitat aisamand Forest Extinction amwa Ramgarh. Forest and Grassland Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types. amwa Ramgarh. Forest. Degradation, poor regeneration. amwa Ramgarh. Forest. Degradation, poor regeneration. amwa Ramgarh. Forest. Degradation, poor regeneration. amwa Ramgarh. Forest. Degradation, poor regeneration. amwa Ramgarh. Forest. Degradation, poor regeneration. amwa Ramgarh. Forest. Degradation, poor regeneration. ll ranges Grasslands, open Poor regeneration forests 11

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra RAJ/S/KELA Prior to Felling (lopping) notification of 300 Al RAJ/S/KELA the sanctuary RAJ/S/KELA Habitation in 1983. 50 Al RAJ/S/KELA Mining (in nearby areas) Prior to 182 RAJ/S/KUM Drought notification of 183 RAJ/S/NAH the sanctuary 608.56 Drought in 1983. RAJ/S/NAH 52.40 Encroachment. RAJ/S/NAH Mines. 1970 25 Ke RAJ/S/NAH Fire. 1999-2000- 184 RAJ/S/PHU 2001 Entire area En RAJ/S/PHU RAJ/S/PHU 1987, 1988, W RAJ/S/PHU 1998, 1999, (S RAJ/S/PHU 2000 Ku RAJ/S/PHU 1980 609 Bo 1980 0.55 Na 1980 0.2 Na 10 Na Tree felling. 1980 20 Na 511.41 Fire 13.24 Ko 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Grazing Regular event Ko Habitation Regular event Ko NTFP collection Regular event Ko Cultivation Regular event Ko Tree felling Regular event Ko 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact ll ranges Forest Degradation of habitat ll ranges Open forest areas Degradation of habitat and tracks ela Devi, Mandrayal Adjoining forest areas Disturbance to wildlife. ntire PA All habitats Degradation, increased biotic pressure on Whole sanctuary PA resources Sandri, Desuri, Main problem was Poor regeneration umbhalgarh, shortage of drinking Degradation, poor regeneration. okhara) water and fodder. Degradation, poor regeneration. ahargarh. Forest. Degradation, poor regeneration. ahargarh. Forest. ahargarh. Grassland. Deforestation and degradation, poor regeneration. ahargarh. Forest. otra, Mamer, Panarwa Forest Degradation otra, Mamer, Panarwa Forest Degradation otra, Mamer, Panarwa Forest Degradation otra, Mamer, Panarwa Forest Poor regeneration otra, Mamer, Panarwa Forest Degradation otra, Mamer, Panarwa Forest Degradation 12

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area PA Activity Affected Ra 185 RAJ/S/SAJJ Development 1987 RAJ/S/SAJJ 1999 5.19 RAJ/S/SAJJ 5.19 activities Tourism 1964 10 Ja 186 RAJ/S/SIT Grazing 1970 onwards 2 Al RAJ/S/SIT 422.94 Dam Ta 1999 187 RAJ/S/TAL Habitation 7.19 ra 2000 Ta RAJ/S/TAL 7.19 Drought. Annual 188 RAJ/S/TOD Annual 7.19 ra Drought. Annual Ra RAJ/S/TOD 495.27 Fire Annual Al RAJ/S/TOD Annual Al RAJ/S/TOD Grazing Since Al RAJ/S/TOD Cultivation creation of Al Tree felling the PA. 189 RAJ/S/VAN Habitation Throughout Since last 15 RAJ/S/VAN 25.6 Grazing to 20 years. the PA En 190 SIK/N/KHA Mining In SIK/N/KHA 1784.00 Landslides 5% of the re SIK/N/KHA SIK/N/KHA total area of vil SIK/N/KHA the PA Vi Grazing 1970 500 Dz onwards Habitation 0.13 Is NTFP collection 1968 Dz onwards Cultivation Ar 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Changes in vegetation akham, Badi-Sadari Forest Degradation and poor regeneration ll ranges Forest Degradation and poor regeneration al Chapper sanctuary ange, Dungargarh. Grass land. Poor regeneration. al Chapper sanctuary ange, Dungargarh. Grassland. Poor regeneration. aoli Forest Degradation ll ranges Forest Degradation ll ranges Forest Degradation ll ranges Forest Degradation ll ranges Forest Degradation ntire PA Gradual decline in floral population, n the peripheral Forest, grassland and degradation, poor regeneration, changes in egions of PA near wetlands in the PA. habitat. llages Kuakhera, irpur and Nibhi. Forest and grassland. Degradation zongri Forest Degradation, poor regeneration soka Grassland Population decline, degradation, changes zongri in habitat/vegetation/forest types, Forest proliferation of hardy species/weeds Forest, Grassland Degradation, changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types Population decline, poor regeneration round Isoka Forest Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types 13

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area SIK/N/KHA PA Activity Not known Affected Ra SIK/N/KHA Felling SIK/N/KHA 1975 Fire 191 SIK/S/BAR Tourism Throughout Dz SIK/S/BAR 104.00 Grazing the year Ba 192 SIK/S/FAM NTFP collection Throughout Ba SIK/S/FAM the year Approximate SIK/S/FAM ly 4 Fa 51.76 Grazing Customary 193 SIK/S/KYON right Less than 1 Fa SIK/S/KYON SIK/S/KYON NTFP collection Fa (collection of Sirsoo 194 SIK/S/KYON grass) 195 SIK/S/MAE Collection of SIK/S/MAE fuelwood SIK/S/MAE 196 SIK/S/SHIN 31.00 Grazing 8 Ky SIK/S/SHIN Habitation Ky Tree felling Annual Ky Other (Road bordering the Ky 31.00 sanctuary) M 35.34 Grazing M NTFP collection M Tree felling 11 Sh 43.00 Landslide 15 Sh Erosion 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Forest Population decline, degradation zongri, Goechacla Forest arsey Forest, grassland, Degradation, pollution of the arsey glaciers Population decline, Degradation, Poor ambong Lho regeneration Forest Population decline, Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes in Forest habitat/vegetation/forest types Forest Degradation, poor regeneration. ambong Lho Forest Degradation ambong Lho Forest yongnosla Forest Degradation, poor regeneration. yongnosla Forest Population decline, Degradation, Poor yongnosla Forest regeneration Population decline, Degradation, Poor regeneration Population decline, Degradation, Poor regeneration yongnosla Forest Others (air and noise pollution) Maenam Forest Degradation Maenam Forest Degradation, poor regeneration. Maenam Forest Population decline, degradation. Forest Population decline, degradation hingba Population decline, Degradation, Poor Forest regeneration hingba 14

Table 1.17: Human Activities and Other Natural Phen Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area SIK/S/SHIN PA Activity Affected Ra SIK/S/SHIN SIK/S/SHIN Grazing Annual 11 Sh SIK/S/SHIN NTFP collection 11 Sh SIK/S/SHIN Tourism 4.5 Sh 197 TN/N/GUI Development 4.5 Sh 198 TN/N/GUL projects (Road) 11 Sh TN/N/GUL Oth (Snow, avalanches) Is 199 TN/N/IND 2.8194 6.23 Ra TN/N/IND 6.23 OTH-Fishing Many years Is Not known 6.23 Ra OTH- Collection of corals illegally Po 191 Am Tea, Coffee, 1929-1961 Cardamom in higher and coconut and mango in lower 958.57 area Highways within PA Va Am TN/N/IND Inside the PA and 80s Va their activities Va TN/N/IND 20 M 200 TN/N/MUD Tribal activites 27 M 3M TN/N/MUD 321.00 Fire 5 Te TN/N/MUD Grazing M TN/N/MUD Habitation TN/N/MUD Tourism 2.4 M Piligrimage TN/N/MUD TN/N/MUD NTFP collection Dam 31

nomenon Having an Impact on the Habitat of the PAs are in square kilometers anges Habitat Impact Population decline, Degradation, Poor hingba Forest regeneration hingba Forest Degradation hingba Forest Pollution hingba Forest Pollution - noise and air hingba Forest Degradation, Poor regeneration slands, 'All except Islands Degradation, Population decline amnad Degradation, Population decline slands, 'All except Degradation, amnad Population decline Corridor outside RF broken and forest ollachi, Udamalpet, Forest was earlier not fragmented buffer area reduced increase in marathi now. man W/L conflict alparai, Man'bolly, Soil erosion maravathi, Udamalpet Changes in drainage pattern reduction in alparai and m'anbolly No water table suppressed natural Scrab Jungle regeneration, species diversity loss, alparai and M'bollly ecological disturbances. Mas, Tep, Nel Ecological disturbances Mas Mudu, Nel Degradation, animals are dusturbed Degradation, animals are dusturbed ep, Mas, Kar Degradation, animals are dusturbed Mas, Tep, Kar Degradation, animals are dusturbed Degradation, animals are dusturbed Mas Scrub Jungle Degradation, animals are dusturbed Degradation, animals are dusturbed 15