2003 - Vol 2 - Reassessing the Management of National Parks in India - Biological Profiles of Individual PAs

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 ry Competition for food with wild Chinkara Black buck herbivores ry ry ry ) and st) ary ary ary ary 41

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N UP/S/NAT UP/S/NAT 177 UP/S/OKH UP/S/OKH UP/S/OKH UP/S/OKH 178 UP/S/RAN 179 UP/S/SAMN UP/S/SAMN UP/S/SAMN UP/S/SAMN 44

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 42

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 UP/S/NAT UP/S/NAT 177 UP/S/OKH UP/S/OKH UP/S/OKH UP/S/OKH 178 UP/S/RAN 179 UP/S/SAMN UP/S/SAMN UP/S/SAMN UP/S/SAMN 44

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 43

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges PA Activity UP/S/SAMN 180 UP/S/SUH 5.26 Cultivation Before 5.2 . Saman Bird Sanctua 452.47 Fire notification of 15.055 Tulsipur, Bankatawa UP/S/SUH the PA in 1990. UP/S/SUH Fires Tulsipur, Novalgarh, UP/S/SUH Fire 1996-97 6.0255 Navanagarh UP/S/SUH Fire Fire 1995-96 1.37 Barahawa, Tulsipur. 181 UP/S/SURS 0.15 Barahawa 7.13 Grazing 1997-98 0.93 All ranges UP/S/SURS 7.13 Pilgrimage. 1998-99 2.00 . Sur Sarovar Bird Sa UP/S/SURS 182 UP/S/VIJ Tourism 1999-2000 0.30 . Sur Sarovar Bird Sa 2.62 Fishing Before 183 UTT/N/COR notification of 0.50 . Sur Sarovar Bird Sa the PA. 0.25 Vijay Sagar Bird San 184 UTT/N/GAN Before notification of UTT/N/GAN the PA. Before UTT/N/GAN notification of UTT/N/GAN the PA. UTT/N/GAN 1995 520.82 Dam 1962-74 42.2 Dhikala and Kalagar onwards 2390.02 Tourism Annual 4 . Gangotri Pilgrimage Annual 2 . Gangotri Annual Development 60 . Gangotri activities 50 . Gangotri (roads) 5 . Gangotri Grazing Annual Tree felling Annual 44

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 ary Temporary migration away from a. site. , Temporary migration away from site. Temporary migration away from . site. Temporary migration away from site. Temporary migration away from site. anctuary anctuary anctuary Water birds nctuary Population decline, migration Hog deer Elephant rh away from the site, loss of food source All herbivores Migration away from the site, loss of breeding site and loss of food All herbivores source All fauna Migration away from the site, loss of breeding site and loss of food All herbivores source Birds 0 Migration away from the site, increased threat from predators/hunters, distrubance Loss of food source, loss of water source, disease Loss of breeding site 44

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N UP/S/SAMN 180 UP/S/SUH UP/S/SUH UP/S/SUH UP/S/SUH UP/S/SUH 181 UP/S/SURS UP/S/SURS UP/S/SURS 182 UP/S/VIJ 183 UTT/N/COR 184 UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN 44

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 0 45

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 UP/S/SAMN 180 UP/S/SUH UP/S/SUH UP/S/SUH UP/S/SUH UP/S/SUH 181 UP/S/SURS UP/S/SURS UP/S/SURS 182 UP/S/VIJ 183 UTT/N/COR 184 UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN 44

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 46

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges UTT/N/GAN PA Activity Annual Negligible Gangotri Fire UTT/N/GAN Annual 350 . All fauna UTT/N/GAN NTFP Annual 350 . Gangotri collection UTT/N/GAN Others 30 . Gangotri (hunting) UTT/N/GAN 30 . Gangotri Others (army camps) Annual Others (Avalanches) Annual 185 UTT/N+S/GOV 957.97 Grazing Annual 250 . All ranges, especiall UTT/N+S/GOV NTFP Annual 50 . All ranges UTT/N+S/GOV collection Annual 25 . All ranges UTT/N+S/GOV Tree felling Annual Habitation 5 . All ranges UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV Cultivation Annual 34 . All ranges UTT/N+S/GOV Floods 2000 500 . All ranges Tourism Annual UTT/N+S/GOV 10 . Sankari UTT/N+S/GOV Development Annual activiti Annual 5 . All ranges 186 UTT/S/ASK Erosion 10 . All ranges UTT/S/ASK 599.93 Land slides Annual 30 . Askot, Dharchula Erosion Annual Unknown Askot, Dharchula UTT/S/ASK Dam 1995 onward 1.862 . Dharchula 44

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 Negligible None Migration away from site, increased threat from predators/hunters. Population decline All fauna Migration away from the site, loss All fauna of breeding site and food source, All fauna increased threat from predators/hunters. Migration away from the site, loss of breeding site, food source and water source. ly Sankari Migration away from the site, loss Wild Not known of food source and increased herbivores, threat from predators/hunters. snow leopard, brown bear NA None NA NA None 0 NA None Beneficial to these animals, as Monkeys, more food becomes available for pigs, them. porcupine NA None NA None NA None NA None Migration away from the site and Herbivores loss of food source. Herbivores Loss of food source. Migration away from the site, loss All species of breeding site, loss of food source, increased threat from predators and general disturbance. 47

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN 185 UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV 186 UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK 44

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 0 0 48

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN UTT/N/GAN 185 UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV UTT/N+S/GOV 186 UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK 44

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 49

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges PA Activity Annual UTT/S/ASK Annual 0.056966 Dharchula UTT/S/ASK Development 120 . Askot, Dharchula activities UTT/S/ASK (micro hydel Between 318 . projects) to 330 . Askot, Dharchula UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK Development UTT/S/ASK activities (roads) UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK Grazing, Annual UTT/S/ASK habitation, UTT/S/ASK cultivation 187 UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN Fire Annual Askot (whole range 0.25 vulnerable) Hunting Annual 453 . Askot, Dharchula. Mining 1990 onwards 0.4 Askot, Dharchula NTFP Annual 453 . Askot, Dharchula collection Annual Negligible Askot, Dharchula Tourism 7 Binsar (Pine forests) Pilgrimage Annual 0.5 Binsar Pilgrimage Annual 47.07 Fire 1999 Pilgrimage Annual 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 Unknown Unknown 0 All species Migration away from the site and increased threat from predators and general disturbance. Population decline, migration All species away from the site, loss of breeding site, loss of food source, loss of water source and increased threat from predators Population decline, migration away from the site, loss of breeding site, loss of food source is and increased threat from predators. All species Extinction, population decline All species and increased threat from predators. Migration away from the site, loss of food source and increased threat from predators. All species Migration away from the site, loss All species of breeding site, food source and Unknown increased threat from predators Unknown Migration away from the site, Unknown increased threat from predators and general disturbance. Migration away from the site, Unknown increased threat from predators and general disturbance. Population decline, migration away from the site, loss of ) breeding site (temporary impact) Pheasants Negligible All birds and animals 50

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK 187 UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 51

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK UTT/S/ASK 187 UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 52

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges PA Activity UTT/S/BIN Tourism Annual 14 Binsar UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN NTFP Annual 15 Binsar collection 4.71 Binsar UTT/S/BIN Throughout the 188 UTT/S/KED Grazing year Binsar 1 Okhimath 189 UTT/S/SON Cultivation, Annual habitation Adnala, Mandal, Pal UTT/S/SON Maidavan UTT/S/SON 975.20 Landslides 1998 UTT/S/SON Sonanadi UTT/S/SON 301.10 Grazing Annual 190 WB/N/GOR Habitation Since 1950s 191 WB/N/SUN (Gujjars) 1962 onwards WB/N/SUN Cultivation Tourism Dam 79.45 Nil 2585.00 CY Every year 2585 ER Every year 2585 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 Increased threat from All birds and predators/hunters, migration animals away from the site, general disturbance All birds and animals Migration away from the site, loss of food source, increased threat from predators/hunters, general disturbance. Migration away from the site, loss All birds and of breeding site, food source, animals Increased threat from predators/hunters Migration away from the site, Sambar Loss of food source, Malnutrition Barking deer Disease, migration away from the site, loss of food source, lain, increased threat from predators/hunters. Migration away from the site, loss of breeding site, food and water source, increased threat from predators/hunters. Negligible 0 Submergence of grasslands. Adversly affect the ecosystem. Fishes,Turtle No data Adversely affect the ecosystem s Dolphins available etc. (Ong lonia mydas) Green Turtle (Eretmochels No data ys) available 53

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN 188 UTT/S/KED 189 UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON 190 WB/N/GOR 191 WB/N/SUN WB/N/SUN 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 0 0 0 54

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN UTT/S/BIN 188 UTT/S/KED 189 UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON UTT/S/SON 190 WB/N/GOR 191 WB/N/SUN WB/N/SUN 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 55

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of the Years Area affected Ranges PA Activity WB/N/SUN OTH Fishing 2585 Buffer area 192 WB/S/BAL 2.02 None 193 WB/S/HAL 5.95 NA 1.3 Wildlife Range 1.3 Wildlife Range 194 WB/S/RAI 1.30 FL,CY 1996 WB/S/RAI 1.30 FL,CY 1999 WB/S/RAM No remarkable 195 WB/S/SEN impact is 0.14 noted. 38.88 Nothing 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Impact Species1 Numbers1 Species2 Numbers2 Adversly affect the ecosystem. Olove ridley, River terrapin (Imbrigata), Birds(Migrato No data ry) available Population decline Open bill Egrets 4000 Population decline stork (Bubulcus 8000 (Anastomus 6000 spp) ascitans) Egrets Open bill (Bubulcus stork 12000 spp) (Anastomus ascitans) 56

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species3 Numbers3 Species4 Numbers4 Species5 N WB/N/SUN 192 WB/S/BAL 193 WB/S/HAL 194 WB/S/RAI WB/S/RAI WB/S/RAM 195 WB/S/SEN 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Numbers5 Species6 Numbers6 Species7 Numbers7 Species8 Numbers8 57

Table 1.18: Human Activities and Other Natural Ph Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species9 Numbers9 WB/N/SUN 192 WB/S/BAL 193 WB/S/HAL 194 WB/S/RAI WB/S/RAI WB/S/RAM 195 WB/S/SEN 45

henomenon Having an Impact on the Fauna in PAs are in square kilometers Species10 Numbers10 Remark 58

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phenomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs 459

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 1 AP/N/MAH AP/N/MAH Large scale urbanisation Last 20 years 14.59 14.59 around the area Since 1980 14.59 2 AP/N/VEN AP/N/VEN Locating the municipal garbage AP/N/VEN dumping ground adjacent to the park 3 AP/S/COR AP/S/COR 525.97 FEL common approx 20 4 AP/S/GUN FEL common approx 20 FEL common approx 50 November 1996 235.70 235.7 Cyclone Grazing 1194 5 AP/S/KAW 893 Collection of NTFP 1995, 1997, 1999 357.63 6 AP/S/KOL 308 Infestation of weeds 1977 7 AP/S/KOU 357.63 Drought 1961-1991 8 AP/S/KRI 9 AP/S/PAK 194.21 Cyclone Regular 860 Cultivation AP/S/PAK Habitation, Fire AP/S/PAK Grazing 10 AP/S/PAP 590.68 Podu cultivation, Illicit felling Long back About 1.50 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 9 Entire PA Habitat degradation, All species fragmentation including 9 Entire PA Air, soil and water pollution birds Tirupati: Tumburkona, effecting plant and animal Sukravaram Bandale, health Ptegolarpus Red Sanders Sandalinus 0 Golladeviuni Gundam Degradation Chamala: Karivepakula Kona, Pagada Gundala Kona, Population decrease Avicennia officinalis 0 Bommadi Konda Due to trampling regeneration Balapalli:Vepamano Chela, is decreased Vageti Kona, Indlasela Penta, Less impact 0 Jeevimanu Gundam Due to over explotation their Stercula 0 WLM, Kakinada number is drastically minimised urens tapsi in this PA. NTFP is declining All the ranges of the division causing unemployment for local villagers. Palamaner and Kuppam Poor regeneration, proliferation 3 Range of hardy species/weeds Badly damaged, Poor Mangrove regeneration forest 0 Whole sanctuary Population decline Terminalia Xylia Adina tomentosa - xylocarpa - cordifolia 60 Maddi Thaugedu

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 1 AP/N/MAH AP/N/MAH 2 AP/N/VEN AP/N/VEN AP/N/VEN 3 AP/S/COR AP/S/COR 4 AP/S/GUN 5 AP/S/KAW Pterocarpus Anogeissus Ch 6 AP/S/KOL marsupium latifolia sw 7 AP/S/KOU 8 AP/S/KRI 9 AP/S/PAK AP/S/PAK AP/S/PAK 10 AP/S/PAP 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 hloroxylon Sterculia Grewia Tectona wietinia urens tacliacfolia grandis, Dalbergia latifolia 61

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 11 AP/S/POC 130 Erosion 20.00 18.00 AP/S/POC Fire 32.00 30.00 AP/S/POC Grazing 12.00 35.00 AP/S/POC NTFP collection 12.10 AP/S/POC Cultivation 4.50 AP/S/POC Tree felling Since long 12 AP/S/PUL 600 Tree felling 13 ARU/N/MOU 483 None 14 ARU/N/NAM 'Miao - Vijaynagar Road 1985.245 Project. 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 0 Pocharam Popullation decline, Teak - Mohwa - Gumpene - 0 Pocharam Degradation, Poor Tectona Madhuca Lannea 0 Pocharam regeneration and Changes in grandis indica coromandali 0 Pocharam habitat/vegetation/forest types Mohwa - ca 0 Pocharam Teak - Madhvca Gumpene- 0 Pocharam Popullation decline, Tectona indica Lennea 0 Total Degradation, Poor grandis Mohwa - coromandali regeneration and Changes in Madhvca ca habitat/vegetation/forest types Teak - indica Gumpene - Tectona Lannea Popullation decline, grandis Mohwa coromandali Degradation, Poor ca regeneration and Changes in Teak Mohwa habitat/vegetation/forest types Gumpene Teak Mohwa Popullation decline, Gumpene Degradation, Poor Teak regeneration and Changes in Chigara - Gumpene habitat/vegetation/forest types Albizzia amara Popullation decline, Degradation, Poor regeneration and Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types Popullation decline, Degradation, Poor regeneration and Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types Restricted growth Miao and Gandhigram Wildlife Decline in natural regeneration Not surveyed but most 0 Ranges. due to fragmentation. forest types are effected 62

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp 11 AP/S/POC Anduk - Nalla maddi- AP/S/POC boswellia Terminalia serrata tomentosa So Anduk - Nall maddi So Boswellia Da serrata pa AP/S/POC Anduk Nalla maddi So AP/S/POC Anduk Nalla maddi So AP/S/POC Anduk Nalla maddi So AP/S/POC Anduk Nalla maddi So 12 AP/S/PUL 13 ARU/N/MOU 14 ARU/N/NAM 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 Moduga - Somi - Butea Soymida oppera- Chennangi monosperma febrifuga oppera - arbergia Chennangi, aniculata Modvga, Somi oppera Chennangi, Moduga, oppera Somi oppera Chennangi, Moduga, oppera Somi Chennangi, Moduga, Somi Chennangi, Moduga, Somi 63

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected ARU/N/NAM Lisu migrants. 1996 4.45 15 ARU/S/DER 190 Floods and Erosion Regular 30.00 Regular 142.50 ARU/S/DER Fire (Burning) 0.98 16 ARU/S/MEH 281.5 Development projects 1980 ARU/S/MEH Cultivation Since time immemorial 30.00 ARU/S/MEH Tree felling 1964 0.20 340 Flood 340.00 17 ASS/N/DIB Annual ASS/N/DIB Erosion Annual 32.50 1.00 ASS/N/DIB Grazing Annual ASS/N/DIB Habitation Since 1956-57 1.00 ASS/N/DIB Tree felling Every year ASS/N/DIB Cultivation Every year ASS/N/DIB NTFP collection Every year 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 Gandhigram and Namdapha Destruction of habitat for Jhum Not surveyed 5 Wildlife Ranges. cultivation. but most 0 All the ranges forest types 0 All the ranges Degradation (Impacts are are effected negligible with respect to 8 Mehao Wildlife Range particular species All species 0 Mehao Wildlife Range Poor regeneration (Impacts are Grasslands negligible with respect to particular species Population decline Simul Udal (Bombay ceiba sterculia vllsa) Population decline Holok Khakan (Trrminalia myriorarpa, Duabanga grandi flora 0 Mehao Wildlife Range Bhola (Morus lavegata) 0 Guijan and Saikhowa Guijan and Saikhowa Change in habitat/vegetation/forest types 0 Guijan and Saikhowa Loss of area and vegetation 0 Guijan Degradation, Poor Guijan and Saikhowa regeneration Degradation 0 Guijan and Saikhowa Degradation Guijan and Saikhowa Degradation, Poor regeneration, Changes in habitat/vegetation/forest types Negligible 64

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Species4 Species5 Sp ARU/N/NAM 15 ARU/S/DER ARU/S/DER 16 ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH ARU/S/MEH 17 ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB ASS/N/DIB 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers pecies6 Species7 Species8 Species9 65

Table 1.19: Human Activities and Other Natural Phe Note: All values for area Sno PA code Area of Activity Years Area the PA Affected 18 ASS/N/KAZ 407.9 Floods Every year 280.00 Brahmputra ASS/N/KAZ Erosion Every year banks only ASS/N/KAZ Fire (Burning) Every year 262.00 19 ASS/N/MAN 519.77 Grazing, cultivation, tree felling 10.00 ASS/N/MAN Grazing, cultivation, tree felling 8.00 ASS/N/MAN Grazing , tree felling Every year 15.00 20 ASS/N/NAME 200 Every year 21 ASS/N/ORA 50.00 78.8 Floods Every year 2.50 ASS/N/ORA Erosion 5.00 ASS/N/ORA Grazing Negligible Along the ASS/N/ORA Tree felling Every year boundary ASS/N/ORA NTFP collection of the park 1998 22 ASS/S/BAR 26.21 Grazing and tree felling 2000 40 23 ASS/S/BUR 44 Floods 2000 1.5 Erosion ASS/S/BUR Felling 2 ASS/S/BUR 46

enomenon Having an Impact on the Flora of the PAs are in square kilometers Ranges Impact Species1 Species2 Species3 0 All the ranges Poor regeneration, Changes in Flood habitat/vegetation/forest type. affects most of the grasses in low lying areas. a Proliferation of hardy y All the ranges species/weeds 0 All the ranges Poor regeneration, Changes in Delbergia Gmelina Bombax 0 Bhuiyanpara habitat/vegetation/forest type sissoo arborea ceiba 0 Panbari 0 Bansbari Degradation, Poor Delbergia Gmelina Bombax Regeneration, Proliferation of sissoo arborea ceiba hardy species/weeds Delbergia Gmelina Bombax Degradation, Poor sissoo arborea ceiba Regeneration, Proliferation of hardy species/weeds Degradation, Poor Regeneration, Proliferation of hardy species/weeds 0 Orang National Park Change in 0 Orang National Park habitat/vegetation/forest types Extinction, Population decline 0 Orang National Park Extinction, Degradation, Poor e. regeneration e y Negligible k Orang National Park Negligible Extinction, Population decline, Orang National Park Loss of water sources Poor regeneration, changes in haDbeitlbaet/rvgeiagestiasstioBono/fmobreasxt styepbeas. 0 Burachapori Wildlife Range Extinction, changes in habitat Albeizzia procera 5 Burachapori Wildlife Range Degradation, changes in habitat Albizzia procera 2 Burachapori Wildlife Range 66